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Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822) has gained high recognition in southern Asia for its nutritional and commercial benefits, although the carp is now facing productivity constraints. Probiotic-based captive breeding of the carp can be a promising technique to enhance the productivity and health status of the carp. The comprehensive study was performed on bacteria in the intestinal tract of C. reba . The total load of culturable bacteria in the gut of the carp was (8.34 ± 1.64) × 10 7 CFU/g comprising 19 different types of colonies. Most (73.7%) of the isolates were Gram-positive and rod-shaped bacteria. Among them, two intestinal isolates (PKS9 and PKS10) had shown significant antagonism against common fish pathogens namely, Staphylococcus aureus , Vibrio harveyi , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . 16S rDNA sequencing identified the isolates PKS9 and PKS10 as Bacillus paramycoides (OM038513) and Bacillus cereus (OM033468), respectively. The isolates were determined to be biofilm formers, could persist in both acidic and alkaline environments, had high resistance to bile salts, possess surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation efficacy. The tests on pathogenicity and bio-safety confirmed the non-pathogenic nature of the isolates. Moreover, the strains had liberated extracellular enzymes and exhibited antioxidative properties. Hence, the isolates might be used as potential candidate probiotics for the cultivation of C. reba to enhance the nutritional and health status of the species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report analyzing the gut microbiota of Reba carp and establishing B. paramycoides as aquaculture probiotics.

In this study, focus is given on a selected project site. This site is located at Jadavpur University, Saltlake Campus, area situated in Kolkata city of India. The subject site comprises building structures with isolated footing. The soil investigation was carried out by two different approaches i.e., cone penetration test (CPT), and Marchetti Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT). The study describes a comparative study of undrained cohesion (C u ), angle of internal friction (Φ), constrain modulus (M) measured from CPT and DMT. Apart from that settlement analysis also been done for two different sizes of foundation e.g. (3M X 1M), (4M X 1M) by DMT Settlement software and PLAXIS2D. For providing the subsoil model for the investigation area, all the DMT and CPT results were compared with each other

Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822) has gained high recognition in southern Asia for its nutritional and commercial benefits, although the carp is now facing productivity constraints. Probiotic-based captive breeding of the carp can be a promising technique to enhance the productivity and health status of the carp. The comprehensive study was performed on bacteria in the intestinal tract of C. reba . The total load of culturable bacteria in the gut of the carp was 8.34 ± 1.64 × 10 7 CFU/g comprising 19 different types of colonies. Most (73.7%) of the isolates were Gram-positive and rod-shaped bacteria. Among them, two intestinal isolates (PKS9 and PKS10) had shown significant antagonism against common fish pathogens namely, Staphylococcus aureus , Vibrio harveyi , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . 16S rDNA sequencing identified the isolates PKS9 and PKS10 as Bacillus paramycoides (OM038513) and Bacillus cereus (OM033468), respectively. The isolates were determined to be biofilm formers, could persist in both acidic and alkaline environments, had high resistance to bile salts, possess surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation efficacy. The tests on pathogenicity and bio-safety confirmed the non-pathogenic nature of the isolates. Moreover, the strains had liberated extracellular enzymes and exhibited antioxidative properties. Hence, the isolates might be used as potential candidate probiotics for the cultivation of C. reba to enhance the nutritional and health status of the species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report analyzing the gut microbiota of Reba carp and establishing B. paramycoides as aquaculture probiotics.

Globally, industrial biotechnology addresses diverse challenges, fostering environmental conservation, sustainable development, economic growth, and innovation. Currently, there are approximately 20,922 biotech companies worldwide, including 6,653 in the US, reflecting significant growth. The global biotech market is valued at $727.1 billion and is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate of 7.4% by 2025. In India, industrial biotechnology holds promise, with about 3% of the global market share. The country has the highest number of FDA-approved manufacturing facilities outside the US, totaling 665 plants. This growth is driven by government support and a skilled workforce, with a focus on advancements in bioenergy, bio-based materials, and healthcare. Recent years have witnessed a surge in international demand for Indian vaccines and biopharmaceuticals, positioning the country as a leading hub for contract manufacturing and clinical trials. The country’s bioeconomy, valued at $150 billion by 2023, is forecasted to double to $300 billion by 2030. This growth is supported by the government’s BIRAC scheme, which has established 60 successful bio-incubation centers, further promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. India’s bioeconomy basically consists of four segments: BioIndustrial ($72.6 billion, 48.09%), BioAgri ($12.44 billion, 8.24%), BioPharma ($53.8 billion, 35.65%), and BioServices ($12.1 billion, 8.02%), with biotech start-ups reaching 8,531 in 2023. This comprehensive review highlights the significant potential of industrial biotechnology in India by focusing on technological advancements, policy impacts, and market trends. It provides an overview of the current landscape, challenges, and future opportunities, and offers insights to guide strategic initiatives aimed at advancing the sector.

Multi dimensional data (multi frequency, incident angle and polarisation) measurements of σ0 provided better estimates of soil moisture over those derived from single. This particular paper explains a new methodology for soil moisture estimation with the use of multi angle and multi polarisation RISAT-1 data. The roughness component was derived by correlating root mean square height with the differences of cross polarisation and like polarisation backscatter values (σ HV - σ HH) and differences of low and high incidence backscatter values (σ HH high (θ) - σ HH Low). The derived roughness was inputted to the modified dubois model (MDM). The results show both the σ HV - σ HH & σ HH high (θ) - σ HH Low are sensitive to roughness. The derived soil moisture using the MDM model is shows reasonable correlation with ground soil moisture.

Identification and delineation of potential areas for different crops, both at country and state level by using available legacy data assumes importance, in order to preserve and conserve these areas to feed the increasing population and future generations. In this direction, a new integrated approach has been developed to identify potential areas for different crops and the same has been validated. Identifying and delineating commodity specific areas/zones, would help in enhancing the productivity and profitability and framing of land use policies.

There is a resurgence of interest in the study of occurrence, genotype and pathogenic associations of human Polyomaviruses in recent years. In the present study, we have ascertained the presence of human Polyomavirus JC (JCV) in the urine and peripheral blood leukocytes of tribal populations, for the first time in the North-Eastern part of West Bengal State of India. We have also characterized the prevalent genotypes of the non-coding controlregions (NCCRs) of these natural isolates. The result suggests a high incidence of JCV reactivation in the populations assayed. Approximately 25% of the non-immunocompromized tribal men and women, tested positive based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and these results were further confirmed by sequencing of PCR products. Pairwise sequence comparison and alignment of the NCCR sequence of these Indian strains appeared to be comparable and related to the archetypal JCV (CY) and the Tibetan LH3 strains, with some alterations in few key positions. The sequence analyses were done with regard to transcription factor binding to DNA sequence elements of endemic JCV NCCRs.

The Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly virulent zoonotic infectious agent that poses a significant threat to public health. The virus is characterized by its pleomorphic structure and a single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome. It encodes six structural proteins and three nonstructural proteins. Attachment glycoproteins play a crucial role in allowing the virus to attach to the host cell surface. The matrix protein facilitates the encapsidation of the viral genome and proteins, enabling the formation of mature viral particles. The virus can spread via different routes, including zoonotic spillover and human-to-human transmission. Clinical manifestations include mild respiratory illness and severe and fatal encephalitis. The case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection varies widely, ranging from 40 to 75%, and is regulated by factors such as healthcare availability and quality, the patient's condition, and the virulence of the infecting strain. NiV has been reported in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India, with fruit bats serving as natural reservoirs. Early detection and prompt response are crucial for controlling outbreaks; however, these efforts are hindered by diagnostic challenges and delayed recognition. The World Health Organization has categorized NiV as a priority pathogen owing to its epidemic potential, recurrent outbreaks, and alarming mortality rates. The persistent transmission dynamics and genetic stability of the Nipah virus among fruit bats require immediate attention and coordinated global action. The present study reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, and modes of transmission of Nipah virus infection, its geographical distribution, and endemic regions, highlighting the challenges in managing disease outbreaks.

This article provides a discussion on the nature of bonding between noble gases (Ng) and noble metals (M) from a quantum chemical perspective by investigating compounds such as NgMY (Y=CN, O, NO3, SO4, CO3), [NgM−(bipy)]+, NgMCCH, and MCCNgH complexes, where M=Cu, Ag, Au and Ng=Kr−Rn, with some complexes containing the lighter noble gas atoms as well. Despite having very low chemical reactivity, noble gases have been observed to form weak bonds with noble metals such as copper, gold, and silver. In this study, we explore the factors that contribute to this unusual bonding behavior, including the electronic structure of the atoms involved and the geometric configuration of the concerned fragments. We also investigate the metastable nature of the resulting complexes by studying the energetics of their possible dissociation and internal isomerization channels. The noble gas-binding ability of the bare metal cyanides are higher than most of their bromide counterparts, with CuCN and AgCN showing higher affinity than their chloride analogues as well. In contrast, the oxides seem to have lower binding power than their corresponding halides. In the oxide and the bipyridyl complexes, the Ng-binding ability follows the order Au > Cu > Ag. The dissociation energies calculated, considering the zero-point energy correction for possible dissociation channels, increase as we move down the noble gas group. The bond between the noble gases and the noble metals in the complexes are found to have comparable weightage of orbital and electrostatic interactions, suggestive of a partial covalent nature. The same is validated from the topological analysis of electron density.

Biomolecular condensates are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of multivalent molecules. LLPS from a single (\"homotypic\") constituent is governed by buffering: above a threshold, free monomer concentration is clamped, with all added molecules entering the condensed phase. However, both experiment and theory demonstrate that buffering fails for the concentration dependence of multicomponent (\"heterotypic\") LLPS. Using network-free stochastic modeling, we demonstrate that LLPS can be described by the solubility product constant (Ksp): the product of free monomer concentrations, accounting for the ideal stoichiometries governed by the valencies, displays a threshold above which additional monomers are funneled into large clusters; this reduces to simple buffering for homotypic systems. The Ksp regulates the composition of the dilute phase for a wide range of valencies and stoichiometries. The role of Ksp is further supported by coarse-grained spatial particle simulations. Thus, the solubility product offers a general formulation for the concentration dependence of LLPS.