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Haemoparasitic infections are frequently observed in dogs from tropical regions, including India. The present investigation combined microscopic blood smear examination and PCR assays to assess the occurrence of canine tick-borne diseases (CTBD) from suspected dogs in and around Hisar, Haryana. Using the Giemsa-stained peripheral thin blood smear examination, 15 (12.5%) of the 120 dogs were infected with CTBD, with 5.8%, 3.3%, 2.5%, and 0.8% dogs testing positive for Hepatozoon canis , Ehrlichia canis , Babesia vogeli , and Babesia gibsoni , respectively. Using the PCR assay, CTBD was found to be 64.16% (77/120) in examined dogs. Of the 77 PCR-positive canines, 56 were infected with a single haemoparasite, while 21 were infected with two or more species. H. canis was the most abundant tick-borne pathogen, representing 35%, followed by E. canis 25.8%, B. vogeli 20%, and B. gibsoni 2.5%. The most common co-infection was with H. canis along with E. canis (7.5%). The PCR assay was proven to be more efficient for detecting haemoparasites in dogs compared to blood smear examinations. The study suggests that canine tick-borne diseases are common in Haryana and recommends using PCR-based molecular tests in addition to conventional microscopic examination to diagnose these infections for effective treatment and management of infected canines.

Biogenic amines are anti-nutritional nitrogenous bases formed by the action of microbial decarboxylases on free amino acids. They are found widely in varying concentrations in meat and meat products. Public health significance lies in their toxic effects associated with high levels in meat and meat products. Owing to their consistent presence with microbial spoilage they are utilized as quality indicator in terms of spoilage/freshness of meat and meat products. The reason for the formation of these amines is multi-factorial however the poor quality meat is the most important one, contributing substrate for microbial decarboxylases. Their presence can be analytically determined in the food stuffs by employing various techniques. The key to control biogenic amines is the good manufacturing practices. Many new technologies have also been emerged to reduce the levels of these amines to permissible limits.