Explore the vast range of titles available.

A facile green route has been employed for the synthesis of ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO using Cannabis sativa as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and tested for photocatalytic dye degradation and antimicrobial activity. The results suggested that nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity against different human pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia , MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi , Staphylococcus aureus ) and fungal strains ( Fusarium spp. and Rosellinia necatrix) . Ag-doped nanoparticles comparatively have shown better removal Congo red and methyl orange under visible light. Therefore, green synthesized nanoparticles could have beneficial applications in environmental science and biological field.

In this paper, we study the synthesis dependence of structural, optical and antimicrobial properties for copper oxide nanoparticles on, synthesized using microwave irradiation CuO(M), co-precipitation CuO(P) and hydrothermal CuO(H) protocols. Structural and morphological properties were studied using XRD, SEM, TEM and SAED techniques. XPS studies confirmed the presence of copper ions in Cu 2+ oxidation state, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nanostructured phase in all the samples. The synthesized CuO(M), CuO(P) and CuO(H) nanoparticles were investigated for antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . The result showed that maximum inhibition zone was detected in CuO(M) nanoparticles against Gram-negative bacteria i.e. Klebsiella pneumoniae (20 mm). CuO(H) and CuO(P) nanoparticles have antibacterial inhibition zone of 17 mm and 13 mm against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus , respectively. The CuO(P) and CuO(H) nanoparticles displayed mild antimicrobial activity as compared to the CuO(M) nanoparticles. Graphic abstract

Herein, we report the synthesis of nanoparticles and doping of Cu-doped Co–Zn ferrites using the auto-combustion sol–gel synthesis technique. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the single-phase structure of the samples with space group Fd3m and crystallite size in the range of 20.57–32.69 nm. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs and selected area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the ferrite nanoparticles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the elemental composition in the absence of any impurity phases. Fourier-transform infrared studies showed the presence of two prominent peaks at approximately 420 cm−1 and 580 cm−1, showing metal–oxygen stretching and the formation of ferrite composite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to determine the oxidation states of Fe, Co, Zn, and Cu and O vacancies based on which cationic distributions at tetrahedral and octahedral sites are proposed. Dielectric spectroscopy showed that the samples exhibit Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization, which decreases as the frequency of the applied field increases. The dielectric loss of the samples was less than 1, confirming that the samples can be used for the fabrication of multilayer inductor chips. The ac conductivity of the samples increased with increasing doping and with frequency, and this has been explained by the hopping model. The hysteresis loops revealed that coercivity decreases slightly with doping, while the highest saturation magnetization of 55.61 emu/g was obtained when x = 0.1. The magnetic anisotropic constant was found to be less than 0.5, which suggests that the samples exhibit uniaxial anisotropy rather than cubic anisotropy. The squareness ratio indicates that the samples are useful in high-frequency applications.

Providing safe drinking water and clean water is becoming a more challenging task all around the world. Although some critical issues and limits remain unsolved, implementing ecologically sustainable nanomaterials (NMs) with unique features, e.g., highly efficient and selective, earth-abundance, renewability, low-cost manufacturing procedures, and stability, has become a priority. Carbon nanoparticles (NPs) offer tremendous promise in the sectors of energy and the environment. However, a series of far more ecologically friendly synthesis techniques based on natural, renewable, and less expensive waste resources must be explored. This will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and harmful material extraction and assist the development of green technologies. The progress achieved in the previous 10 years in the fabrication of novel carbon-based NMs utilizing waste materials as well as natural precursors is reviewed in this article. Research on carbon-based NPs and their production using naturally occurring precursors and waste materials focuses on this review research. Water treatment and purification using carbon NMs, notably for industrial and pharmaceutical wastes, has shown significant potential. Research in this area focuses on enhanced carbonaceous NMs, methods, and novel nano-sorbents for wastewater, drinking water, groundwater treatment, as well as ionic metal removal from aqueous environments. Discussed are the latest developments and challenges in environmentally friendly carbon and graphene quantum dot NMs.

This report details a rare case of a 3-year-old female from a low-income laborer family presenting with a giant trichobezoar extending to the ileocecal junction (ICJ), the youngest documented case with mixed composition (hair, cotton threads, and synthetic materials). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) localized the mass to the jejunum, but intraoperative exploration revealed an approximately 145-cm bezoar reaching the ICJ. The case highlights socio-environmental risk factors, diagnostic imaging limitations, and emphasizes the importance of complete surgical exploration in pediatric trichobezoar management.

Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rapidly progressing immune‐mediated neuropathy that remains the leading cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. A substantial proportion of GBS cases are precipitated by infectious agents, most notably Campylobacter jejuni and Haemophilus influenzae, which initiate pathogenic autoimmunity via molecular mimicry. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the microbial triggers of GBS and elucidate the immune mechanisms linking infection to neuropathic damage. We discuss the evolving landscape of GBS pathogenesis, emphasizing the roles of ganglioside‐like lipooligosaccharide (LOS), host genetic predisposition, and dysregulated immune responses. The clinical heterogeneity of GBS subtypes, including axonal and demyelinating variants, was analyzed in relation to serotype‐specific antibody profiles that inform the diagnosis and prognosis. Current therapeutic interventions, including intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, are critically assessed alongside experimental strategies, such as monoclonal antibody therapies, microbiome modulation, and LOS‐targeted vaccines. This review highlights microbial surveillance and precision immunotherapy in the management of GBS. Collectively, this study underscores the central role of microbiological insights in redefining the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this complex neuroimmune disorder. Schematic representation of the gut‐brain axis and microbial triggers in Guillain–Barré Syndrome. Post‐infectious immune responses, particularly through molecular mimicry by pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni and Haemophilus influenzae, lead to demyelination and subsequent neuromuscular paralysis.

Carbon quantum dots (CqDs) are a novel class of nanomaterials with excellent photoluminescence, biocompatibility, and sustainable synthesis potential. In this study, we explored the green synthesis of AqBlue‐CqD from citrus peels using a microwave‐assisted method, which incorporates citric acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance solubility and overall biocompatibility. UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of CqDs, which exhibited a distinct absorption peak at 336 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM analyses revealed a uniform spherical morphology with an average particle size of approximately 100–220 nm and zeta potential values of −18.1 mV, indicating adequate colloidal stability, while FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oxygenated functional groups that support surface passivation and aqueous dispersibility. AqBlue‐CqD exhibited strong blue fluorescence under UV illumination, characterized by a high quantum yield and substantial photostability, as further validated by IVIS imaging. Spectrofluorometric evaluation revealed an emission onset at 360 nm, with a strong peak at 448 nm. Antimicrobial analyses confirmed effective antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli and Candida tropicalis . To enhance their biomedical applicability, liposome‐encapsulated AqBlue‐CqD (AqBlue‐CqD‐Lip) formulations were developed, demonstrating improved stability, excellent biocompatibility, and negligible cytotoxicity in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). In vivo bioimaging studies using zebrafish and BALB/c mouse models revealed strong fluorescence distribution and enabled a comprehensive assessment of systemic distribution. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that citrus‐derived AqBlue‐CqD exhibits low toxicity, excellent photostability, and high biocompatibility, making it highly suitable for bioimaging and drug delivery applications. In summary, this study highlights a sustainable and economical approach for producing high‐quality quantum dots from organic waste, offering a green alternative to conventional CqD nanomaterials in advanced biomedical and nanotechnology fields.

Radiation therapy is a fundamental component of cancer treatment, benefiting 50%–70% of patients by selectively targeting malignant tissues. However, radioresistance remains a significant challenge, often driven by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT increases cancer invasiveness and metastasis by upregulating mesenchymal markers, including vimentin and N‐cadherin, and downregulating epithelial markers, such as E‐cadherin. EMT under radiation involves principal signaling pathways, including TGF‐β, Wnt/β‐catenin, Notch, and ERK, which regulate EMT through transcription factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and Zeb1/2. These alterations drive cytoskeletal reorganization, decrease cell–cell adhesion, and enhance extracellular matrix degradation via integrins, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9. We also explored how growth hormones, inflammatory cytokines, and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment affect radiation‐induced EMT. Targeting EMT pathways with monoclonal antibodies and small‐molecule inhibitors of signaling pathways may help overcome radioresistance. However, due to the dual role of EMT in cancer progression and tissue regeneration, precise treatment strategies are essential. There is a lack of comprehensive multi‐omics studies that provide insights into postradiation EMT progression. This review examines how radiation induces EMT and its impact on metastasis and immune responses while also proposing therapeutic approaches. Integrating EMT‐targeting strategies with existing cancer treatments could enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy and improve patient outcomes. This graphical summarizes the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), emphasizing critical processes such as DNA damage repair, tumor microenvironment interactions, and resistance mechanisms. It highlights EMT‐induced radioresistance regulators, such as TGF‐β, Wnt, Notch, ERK, and various miRNAs, as well as therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune modulators, and cancer therapies. In addition, this diagram highlights the challenges in EMT research and treatment strategies aimed at overcoming radioresistance.

Herein, we prepared the zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver doped zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) using Berberis aristata plant extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the formation of pure hexagonal wurtzite structure for both the samples with P4mm space group. The crystallite size reduces from 21.313 nm to 18.179 nm with the Scherrer technique with doping of Ag ions on ZnO NPs, while the Williamson Hall (WH) approach likewise demonstrates a decrease in crystallite size from 26.602 nm to 21.522 nm. The lattice strain increases from 0.0031 to 0.0064, indicating the presence of Ag-ions in the crystal lattice of ZnO NPs. For both samples, the metal-oxygen bond formation is supported by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. For ZnO, the peak in the UV-visible spectrum is approximately around 365 nm, but for Ag-ZnO, two peaks are observed around 235 nm and 360 nm. With the Ag doping, the bandgap increases from 3.01 eV to 3.02 eV. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs show the formation of crystalline particles and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) pictures show the formation of aggregated NPs with a spherical shape. Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate the chemical purity of both the samples. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was highest against Staphylococcus aureus i.e., 15 ± 0.53 mm, whereas, for Ag-ZnO NPs the highest activity was against Salmonella typhi i.e., 19 ± 0.53 mm.

The unique properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials have piqued the interest of the technical community. Titanium carbide (MXene) is a member of a rapidly expanding family of 2D materials with exceptional physiochemical characteristics and a wide range of uses in the environmental field. 2D MXene has long been a topic of interest in environmental applications, including wastewater treatment, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, photocatalysis, and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) due to its high conductivity, varied band gap, hydrophilic nature, and exceptional structural stability. This study covers important developments in 2D MXene and discusses how design, synthetic methods, and stability have changed over time. In this review paper, we have discussed the strategy synthesizing of conventional, affordable heterojunctions and Schottky junctions, as well as the development, mechanisms, and trends in the deterioration of environmental organic contaminants, HER, and EMI Shielding. We also explore the obstacles and restrictions that prevent the scientific community from producing practical MXene with regulated characteristics and structures for environmental applications and analyzing its present usage. The hazardous-environmental aspects of MXene-based materials and the problems and future possibilities of these applications are also examined and emphasized. This review paper focused on environmental applications such as heavy metal detection and removal, EMI shielding, and hydrogen generation using MXenes. The issues related to wastewater, electromagnetic interference, and clean energy production are very persistent in the environment, and a better material is required to address these challenges. Thus, MXene is a kind of material that could be a better alternative to address these persistent issues, and hence, this review becomes very important, which can pave the way for the development of MXene-based materials to address these issues. Graphical abstract