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This study aims to analyze potential adverse events (AEs) associated with ripretinib and sunitinb in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) treatment using data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The findings provide insights for future research to improve the safety and clinical management of ripretinib and sunitinib. Adverse Drug Event (ADE) reports related to ripretinib and sunitinib were extracted from the FAERS database, covering the period from Q2 2020 to Q4 2024 and Q1 2006 to Q4 2024, respectively. ADEs were classified and described according to Preferred Terms (PTs) and System Organ Classes (SOCs) in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Disproportionality analysis, including Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN), and Multi-Item Gamma Poisson Shrinker (MGPS), was employed to identify significant signals. A total of 3,636 and 34,768 ADE reports related to ripretinib and sunitinib were identified using four disproportionality analysis methods. The top five ADR signals for ripretinib include hepatic embolization, tumor compression, hyperkeratosis, tumor excision and tumor pain. For sunitinib, the five strongest ADR signals are metastatic renal cell carcinoma, diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation, renal cancer metastasis, connective tissue neoplasm and salivary gland fistula. Both drugs share significant ADRs including palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, disease progression and hyperkeratosis. Furthermore, subgroup analysis was conducted to explore sex difference in ripretinib and sunitinib. This study validated known AEs and identified new potential safety signals associated with ripretinib and sunitinib in GIST treatment. These findings contribute to the understanding of ripretinib and sunitinib, providing valuable evidence for improving its clinical use.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1561937.].

Lactate, a key metabolic byproduct of the Warburg effect, has lately been recognized as a regulator of histone lysine lactylation, a unique post-translational modification that plays a crucial role in essential biological processes, including the regulation of gene transcription. Lactylation plays a crucial regulatory role in macrophage biology by influencing inflammatory responses, tumor immune evasion, and fibrotic development. This review methodically investigates the molecular mechanisms of lactate metabolism and lactylation modification, focusing on their roles in macrophage activation and polarization in relation to gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastric cancer, colorectal carcinoma, ulcerative colitis, postoperative ileus, and bacterial and viral gastrointestinal infections. We clarify the molecular switching role of lactylation in regulating macrophage polarization under pathological settings by integrating current developments in epigenetic regulation and metabolic reprogramming. Current evidence demonstrates the dual regulatory role of lactylation in macrophage-mediated immune responses: it fosters anti-inflammatory and reparative phenotypes, yet may paradoxically expedite tumor progression and induce immunosuppressive conditions in certain gastrointestinal microenvironments. This review emphasizes that exploring lactylation as a novel therapeutic target offers new insights into gastrointestinal pathogenesis and lays a molecular groundwork for formulating precision therapeutic strategies against inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) has begun to surface as an important issue that affects the comfort and health of people; however, there is little research concerned about the IAQ monitoring of hotels up to now. Hotels are designed to provide comfortable spaces for guests. However, most complaints related to uncomfortable thermal environment and inadequate indoor air quality appear. In addition, microbial pollution can affect the health of tourists such as the Legionnaire’s disease and SARS problems. This study is aimed to establish the comprehensive IAQ audit approach for hotel buildings with portable equipments, and one five-star international hotel in Taiwan was selected to exam this integrated approach. Finally, four major problems are identified after the comprehensive IAQ audit. They are: (1) low room temperature (21.8°C), (2) insufficient air exchange rate (<1.5 h −1 ), (3) formaldehyde contamination (>0.02 ppm), and (4) the microbial pollution (total bacteria: 2,624–3,799 CFU/m 3 ). The high level of formaldehyde may be due to the emission from the detergent and cleaning agents used for housekeeping.