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In this study, different types of magnetic biochar nanocomposites were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. Two biochar materials, namely, sewage sludge biochar and woodchips biochar, were prepared at two different temperatures, viz., 450 and 700 °C. These biochars were further modified with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ). The modified biochar nanocomposites were characterized using field emission–scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), SQUID analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The potential of prepared adsorbents was examined for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and Acid orange 7 (AO7) dye from water as a function of various parameters, namely, contact time, pH of solution, amount of adsorbents, and initial concentrations of adsorbates. Various kinetic and isotherm models were tested to discuss and interpret the adsorption mechanisms. The maximum adsorption capacities of modified biochars were found as 80.96 and 110.27 mg g -1 for Cr(VI) and AO7, respectively. Magnetic biochars showed high pollutant removal efficiency after 5 cycles of adsorption/desorption. The results of this study revealed that the prepared adsorbents can be successfully used for multiple cycles to remove Cr(VI) and AO7 from water. Graphical Abstract

In this study, a series of photocatalysts were prepared, namely bare 3D-TiO 2 ( b-3D-T ), magnetic 3D-TiO 2 : ( m3D-T ) and magnetic 3D-TiO 2 @Hierarchical Porous Graphene Aerogels (HPGA) nanocomposite: ( m3D-T-HPGA NC ) by solvothermal process. The prepared photocatalysts were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Diffuse Reflectance Measurement – Ultraviolet (DRS-UV) to know their physical and chemical properties. The photocatalytic degradations of two toxic aquatic pollutants viz., Cr(VI) and bisphenol A (BPA) were tested by using the prepared photocatalysts. Parameters such as initial pollutant concentration, solution pH, photocatalyst dosage, wavelength and light intensity were investigated to optimize the process. The photocatalytic properties of prepared catalyst were analyzed based on the degradation of Cr(VI) and BPA under UV irradiation. The modified photocatalysts showed better performance as compared to b-3D-T photocatalyst. This better performance is ascribed to efficient charge transfer between b-3D-T nanoparticles to the porous graphene sheets. The maximum photocatalytic degradation of Cr(VI) was found to be 100% with m3D-T-HPGA NC within 140 min, whereas a removal efficacy of 100% and 57% was noticed in case of m3D-T and b-3D-T within 200 and 240 min, respectively. In the case of BPA, the maximum degradation efficiency was found to be 90% with m3D-T-HPGA NC within 240 min.

In this study, cobalt ferrites (C) decorated onto 2D material (porous graphene (PG)) and 1D material (carbon nanofibers (CNF)), denoted as PG-C and CNF-C nanocomposites, respectively, were synthesized using solvothermal process. The prepared nanocomposites were studied as magnetic adsorbents for the removal of lead (cationic) and chromium(VI) (anionic) metal ions. The structural and chemical analysis of synthesized nanocomposites was conducted using different characterization techniques including Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Batch mode adsorption studies were conducted with the prepared nanocomposites to examine their maximum adsorption potential for lead and chromate ions. Performance parameters (time, pH, adsorbent dosage and initial ion concentrations) effecting the adsorption capacity of the nanocomposites were optimized. Different kinetic and isotherm models were examined to elucidate the adsorption process. Synthesized nanocomposites exhibited significant potential for the studied metal ions that can be further examined at pilot scale for the removal of metal ions from contaminated water.

This study investigates the application of Cs2BiAgI6 and La2NiMnO6 double perovskite compounds as absorbers in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Computational simulations were employed to assess the performance of these compounds in isolation, employing various hole transport layers (HTLs). The simulations were geared towards optimizing the HTL thickness for each absorber, ensuring proficient charge transport and current alignment. Through these simulations, valuable insights into the electronic properties and light absorption characteristics of the individual absorbers were obtained. Subsequently, a tandem simulation was executed, aligning the current outputs of both devices through precise adjustment of thickness. This tandem configuration was designed to maximize the overall efficiency of the PSC system. The simulation outcomes explicitly demonstrated that the integration of Cs2BiAgI6 and La2NiMnO6 in a tandem configuration led to superior performance in comparison to the standalone absorbers. The optimized HTL thicknesses facilitated enhanced charge transport and guaranteed current alignment between the two devices. This paper offers significant contributions to the conceptualization and fine-tuning of tandem PSCs utilizing Cs2BiAgI6 and La2NiMnO6 as absorber materials, presenting potential avenues for augmenting the overall efficiency of PSC systems. Subsequently, further optimization of the tandem configuration led to an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.256%, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.682 V, fill factor (FF) of 79.74%, and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 24.11 mA/cm2, respectively.

The need for new energy sources has been growing as a result of the rise in energy consumption and the depletion of non-renewable energy sources. One such method is the use of piezoelectric sensors, which can provide valuable electrical energy by converting mechanical stress into electric potential when pressure is applied to the sensors. The main challenges in designing the system are selection of the materials to be used, environmental that it is being used the type of pressure being applied are all the factors that play vital role in the result. Thus, all these factors should be taken into consideration while developing the system. A sophisticated simulator was used to create the system’s proportions and shape. The system’s chosen model is unimorph; to create potential, a force is applied to the surface. For the harvester to provide output electric potential, the pressure applied needs to be dynamic (i.e., continually changing). The rectified voltage can be used to power electronics, recharge batteries, or store energy in capacitors.

The most recent experience had taught us the importance of hygiene and health care. World had come across the tragic duration of lockdown due to the infectious disease named covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. We had faced period of self-isolation for months avoiding the social contact to reduce the rapid spread of disease. That situation had brought tremendous change in people’s life. This pandemic affected each us in various ways. There were many diseases like cholera, plaque, centuries ago showed the world similar effect like covid-19. So, there should be some preventative measures needed to be taken before there could be a chance to takeaway people lives. Our project is a small step towards the self-care, health of people and prevent the Spreading of viral infections, which we accomplished by one of the preventative methods - “Sanitization”. This is one the measure that can be implemented during pandemic periods (example - Corona Virus). This helps to reduce the transmission of virus to some extent and prevents people from being affected.

This study introduces a novel system that integrates voice and facial recognition technologies to enhance human-computer interaction by accurately interpreting and responding to user emotions. Unlike conventional approaches that analyze either voice or facial expressions in isolation, this system combines both modalities, o ering a more comprehensive understanding of emotional states. By evaluating facial expressions, vocal tones, and contextual conversation history, the system generates personalized, context-aware responses, fostering more natural and empathetic AI interactions. This advancement significantly improves user engagement and satisfaction, paving the way for emotionally intelligent AI applications across diverse fields.

Semiconductor industry is advancing day by day to meet the needs of society. As technology grows, the transistor density in an IC increases to augment the performance keeping down the size. Due to the miniaturization of transistors over the past decades, technological progress is in great demand. Vigorous scaling of a planar MOSFET has outaged its nanoscale era due to significant complications associated with increased parasitic capacitance, subthreshold leakage current, thinner gate oxides, which led the researchers to develop and innovate new devices with improved efficiency at low power parameters and reduced short channel effects (SCEs). In this review article, recent technological demand for FETs with multiple gates has been explored and reviewed with advancements. Devices with multiple gates show better performance than conventional FETs due to their steep subthreshold slope, lower leakage current and excellent electrostatic properties even in nanometer regime channel lengths. A triple gate FET and a gate all around FET further improve gate control over the channel. Using FinFET based multi-gate technology, gate control over the channel charge could be increased along with a reduction in parasitic capacitances. To explore the discontinuity of research, the challenges of FinFET technologies have also been addressed along with the introduction of emerging devices. Nanosheets and forksheets address these problems well, as gate structures are stacked on top of each other to form a multiple gate structure that supports enhanced gate control over the channel, whereas C-FET introduces 3D scaling by ‘folding’ the nFET on top of the pFET by exploiting the full edge possibilities of device scaling in 3D.

Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems with multiple input antennas and multiple output antennas in dynamic environments face the challenge of channel estimation. To overcome this challenge and to improve the performance and signal-to-noise ratio, in this paper we used the Kalman filter for the correct estimation of the signal in dynamic environments. To obtain the original signal at the receiver end bit error rate factor plays a major role. If the signal to noise ratio is high and the bit error rate is low then signal strength is high, the signal received at the receiver end is almost similar to the ith transmitted signal. The dynamic tracking characteristic of Kalman filter is used to establish a dynamic space-time codeword and a collection of orthogonal pilot sequences to prevent interference among transmissions in this paper. Using the simulation, the Kalman filter method can be compared to the other channel estimation method presented in this paper that can track time-varying channels rapidly.

This work reports on the development of thin films of SnO 2 doped with cerium and palladium and shows them to be viable materials for chemoresistive sensing of hydrogen (H 2 ). The sensing material was synthesized by a hydrothermal route and with different weight percentage loadings of the dopants. The structural and morphological features were investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin films were fabricated by spin coating on a ceramic substrate. The change in the resistance of the film was measured as a function of the concentration of H 2 . The results show that the amount of loading with Ce and Pd has a large effect on the performance. The Ce doped nanocomposite sensor has a lower detection limit of 50 ppm of H 2 and covers the 50 to 500 ppm H 2 concentration range if operated at the optimum temperature of 200 °C and a working voltage of 5 V. Graphical abstract Ce and Pd doped SnO 2 based chemoresistive gas sensors were developed for H 2 gas. The y show an appreciable detection limit, sensitivity and selectivity.