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Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging cancer treatment technology that combines the advantages of optical technology and immunotherapy to provide a highly effective, precise, and low side-effect treatment approach. The aim of this study is to visualize the scientific results and research trends of NIR-PIT based on bibliometric analysis methods. The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched in August 2024 for relevant publications in the field of NIR-PIT. Data were analyzed using mainly CiteSpace and R software for bibliometric and visual analysis of the country/region, authors, journals, references and keywords of the publications in the field. A total of 245 publications were retrieved, including articles (n = 173, 70.61%) and reviews (n = 72, 29.39%). The annual and cumulative number of publications increased every year. The highest number of publications was from the United States (149, 60.82%), followed by Japan (70, 28.57%) and China (33, 13.47%). The research institution with the highest number of publications was National Institutes of Health (NIH)-USA (114, 46.53%). Kobayashi H (109) was involved in the highest number of publications, Mitsunaga M (211) was the most frequently cited in total. CANCERS (17) was the most frequently published journal, and NAT MED (220) was the most frequently co-cited journal. The top 10 keywords include near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (166), photodynamic therapy (61), monoclonal antibody (58), (50), cancer (46), expression (31), breast cancer (27), enhanced permeability (24), antibody (23), growth factor receptor (16). Cluster analysis based on the co-occurrence of keywords resulted in 13 clusters, which identified the current research hotspots and future trends of NIR-PIT in cancer treatment. This study systematically investigated the research hotspots and development trends of NIR-PIT in cancer treatment through bibliometric and visual analysis. As an emerging strategy, the research on the application of NIR-PIT in cancer treatment has significantly increased in recent years, mainly focusing on the targeting, immune activation mechanism, and treatment efficacy in solid tumors has received extensive attention. Future studies may focus on improving the efficacy and safety of NIR-PIT in cancer treatment, as well as developing novel photosensitizers and combination therapeutic regimens, and exploring the efficacy of its application in a wide range of solid tumors, which will provide an important reference and guidance for the application of NIR-PIT in clinical translation.

Neurological gliomas, as the most common and deadly primary brain tumors, face two major therapeutic obstacles: the blockade of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and high tumor heterogeneity. In recent years, research on novel drug delivery systems has brought hope for glioma treatment. This article elaborates on the research progress of novel drug delivery systems in glioma treatment, including various nanocarriers, targeted delivery strategies, and gene therapy drug delivery systems. It analyzes their advantages and challenges, outlooks future development directions, and aims to provide a reference for optimizing drug delivery systems for glioma therapy.

Background: Glioma is the most prevalent malignant tumor in the central nervous system (CNS). Due to its highly invasive characteristics and the existence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the early diagnosis and treatment of glioma remains a major challenge in cancer. With the flourishing development of nanotechnology, targeted nano-therapy for glioma has become a hot topic of current research by using the characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs), such as it is easier to pass the blood–brain barrier, degradable, and aids controllable release of drugs in the brain. The purpose of this study is to visualize the scientific achievements and research trends of the application of nanotechnology in glioma. Methods: We searched the literature related to glioma nanotechnology on the Web of Science (WOS). The bibliometric and visual analysis was performed mainly using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R software, for countries/regions, authors, journals, references, and keywords associated with the field. Results : A total of 3,290 publications from 2012 to June 2022 were searched, and 2,041 works of literature were finally obtained according to the search criteria, the number of publications increasing year by year, with an average growth rate (AGR) of 15.22% from 2012 to 2021. China published 694 (20.99%), followed by the United States (480, 20.70%). The institution with the highest number of publications is Fudan Univ (111, 13.16%), and 80% of the top ten institutions belong to China. HUILE GAO (30) and XINGUO JIANG (30) both published the largest number of research studies. STUPP R (412) was the most cited author, followed by GAO HL (224). The degree of collaboration (DC) among countries/regions, research institutions, and authors is 23.37%, 86.23%, and 99.22%, respectively. International Journal of Nanomedicine published the largest number of publications (81), followed by Biomaterials (73). Biomaterials (1,420) was the most cited journal, followed by J Control Release (1,300). The high frequency of keywords was drug delivery (487), followed by nanoparticle (450), which indicates that nanoparticles (NPs) as a carrier for drug delivery is a hot topic of current research and a direction of continuous development. Conclusion: In recent years, nanotechnology has attracted much attention in the medical field. Cooperation and communication between countries/regions and institutions need to be strengthened in future research to promote the development of nanomedicine. Nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) can enhance drug penetration and retention in tumor tissues, improve drug targeting, and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs, which has great potential for the treatment of glioma and has become the focus of current research and future research trends in the treatment of glioma.

This study investigated the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of rape straw with biochar addition. The effects of biochar on the biogas yield, degradation of lignocellulose, bacterial community, and crystallinity were explored. The results showed that the biogas yield and methane content increased as the biochar concentration was increased. The biochar concentration of 5.0% resulted in a high biogas yield in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 142.2 mL/g and 193.5 mL/g, respectively, which were 40.5% and 21.0% improvements compared with the control. The corresponding methane contents were 59.4% and 57.0%, respectively. For the lignocellulose degradation, the cellulose content in the mesophilic AD decreased from 54.0% in the pretreated rape straw to between 18.7% and 25.0%. The microbial community results showed that as the biochar concentration was increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes initially increased before it decreased. Among the microbial community results, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the biogas residue of the mesophilic anaerobic digestion were the highest in the biogas residue with the 5.0% biochar concentration sample in the mesophilic AD, at 27.06% and 39.20%, respectively. This result revealed the mechanism of biochar to improve the biogas production of rape straw in anaerobic fermentation.

Objective:We aimed to combine inflammatory response-related genes (IRRGs) and angiogenesis-associated genes (AAGs) to build a prognostic classifier and to predict immune landscapes and immunosuppressive molecules in gliomas. Introduction: Gliomas, the commonest primary brain tumors, account for about 80% of cancerous tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), featuring rapid progression, high malignancy, and extremely poor prognosis. The induction of inflammatory responses and angiogenesis have been considered to be closely related to tumors. However, there are little publications systematically elaborating on their impacts on gliomas. Methods: We downloaded the data of IRRGs and AAGs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases, and retrieved 68 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 13 DEGs pertained to the prognosis of glioma cases. Next, 9 DEGs were screened from the 13 major DEGs with predictive significance and utilized to build a 9-gene signature as a prognostic risk score model (PRSM) with the aid of univariate Cox regression analyses (CRA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-CRA. On this basis, glioma patients fell into high-risk (HR) group and low-risk (LR) group. Later, we implemented Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA, Gene Set: WP_ANGIOGENESIS) and calculate the scores of cell infiltration and immune-associated function by harnessing single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA). Results: The prognosis was compared between the two groups by introducing Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis, which yielded that HR group exhibited poorer prognosis. Additionally, the predictive capacity and independent characteristics were proven by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and multivariate CRA. Further, We took an evaluation of immune profiles, which unraveled that immunosuppressive cell count was distinctively larger in HS group. Finally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was built, and 10 hub genes were obtained, of which epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was closely related to poor prognosis. Conclusion: A 9-gene signature was established on the strength of IRRGs and AAGs for predicting glioma prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME), immune landscapes and immunosuppressive molecules. However, the molecular mechanism developed by this signature to function in tumor immunity needs further experimental research in the future and is expected to be a research target for glioma immunotherapy strategies.

Objective To establish an effective cuproptosis-related long non-coding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) (CRL) prognostic risk score (RS) model (CRLPRSM) for the prediction of the outcomes of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Introduction Cuproptosis is an up-to-date mode of cell death, and its action mechanism is different from all other known mechanisms that regulate cell death. LncRNAs are RNA species that are over 200 nt long and do not encode proteins. They have prominent actions in tumor onset and development, and their involvement in a variety of intracellular regulatory processes is vital for cell proliferation and differentiation, so they may serve as prognostic biomarkers in tumor patients. Methods We retrieved cuproptosis-associated clinical and lncRNA expression data of GC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas Stomach Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-STAD). Then a CRLPRSM was built based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression (UCR and MCR) analyses. As per the RS, the patients fell into high- and low-risk group. Later, the predictive efficacy of the CRLPRSM was confirmed with the aid of Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Next, combining independent prognostic factors in clinical characteristics, we plotted a prognosis-related nomogram to predict one-year, three-year and five-year overall survival (OS) in GC patients. Finally, we implemented Gene Ontology enrichment analysis (GOEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis (KEGGEA) for clarifying the possible biological actions and molecular mechanisms. Results The constructed CRLPRSM consisted of 3 CRLs, namely, AC092574.1, MAGI2-AS3, AC090204.1. It was found that the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.911 (1.337–2.731) (p < 0.001) in UCR analysis and 1.852 (1.286–1.668) (p < 0.001) in MCR analysis, and the AUC of the CRLPRSM was 0.649. Moreover, the KM analysis showed a pronounced intergroup difference in survival, and the nomogram illustrated some clinical benefits of CRLPRSM. Furthermore, GO terms and KEGG pathways were unveiled to be significantly enriched. Conclusion The constructed CRLPRSM has a significant predicted value for GC patient prognosis, and CRLs may become novel hallmarks for clinical treatment of GC.

To investigate the efficacy of piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP/TAZ) versus PIP/TAZ plus erythromycin in the treatment of children with bronchopneumonia, and to evaluate the influence of these treatments on inflammatory factors and intestinal flora. Assessing the impact on these parameters is crucial to provide a comprehensive understanding of the treatment effects. A total of 120 children with bronchial pneumonia who were treated in Yichang Central People's Hospital from April 2018 to April 2020 were randomized (1:1) either into the control group or the observation group. The control group was given PIP/TAZ treatment. The observation group was additionally treated with erythromycin on the basis of the control group. The clinical efficacy, disappearance time of main symptoms and signs, inflammatory factors, and intestinal flora before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. The treatment with PIP/TAZ plus erythromycin led to a significantly higher total clinical effective rate versus PIP/TAZ alone (P < .05). PIP/TAZ plus erythromycin resulted in a shorter time taken for the disappearance of fever, cough, and pulmonary rales versus PIP/TAZ alone (P < .05). These findings suggest that the combination regimen was more effective at resolving the key clinical symptoms of bronchopneumonia in children, which is important for improving patient outcomes and reducing the duration of illness. Patients given PIP/TAZ plus erythromycin experienced lower serum levels of the inflammatory markers CRP, TNF-α, and IL-8 as compared with patients given PIP/TAZ alone (P < .05). The reduction in these inflammatory factors indicates that the addition of erythromycin may have provided greater anti-inflammatory benefits beyond the antimicrobial effects of PIP/TAZ alone. Modulating the inflammatory response is clinically significant, as excessive inflammation can contribute to lung damage and disease severity in pneumonia. Conversely, the observation group showed a higher incidence of gastrointestinal disturbances, including increased stool frequency, watery stools, and elevated stool white blood cell counts after treatment (P < .05), suggesting that the erythromycin component may have disrupted the balance of intestinal flora. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiome is important for overall health, immunity, and preventing further complications. The clinical significance of this finding is that the addition of erythromycin to the treatment regimen may have unintended adverse effects on the gut that should be carefully monitored. PIP/TAZ plus erythromycin might be a promising candidate in the treatment of children with bronchopneumonia by significantly improving clinical outcomes, shortening the duration of key symptoms, and regulating the level of inflammatory factors. These findings suggest the combination regimen could provide greater clinical benefits compared to PIP/TAZ alone for managing pediatric bronchopneumonia. However, the addition of erythromycin also appeared to aggravate the imbalance of intestinal flora, as evidenced by the increased incidence of gastrointestinal disturbances. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiome is crucial for overall health and immunity in growing children. Therefore, clinicians must carefully weigh the potential benefits of improved antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects against the potential risks of disrupting the delicate gut ecosystem when considering the use of antibiotic combinations for pediatric patients. In conclusion, PIP/TAZ plus erythromycin may be a viable treatment option for children with bronchopneumonia, but clinicians should monitor for any unintended impacts on the gut flora and be prepared to make adjustments to the regimen if necessary. Careful consideration of the balance between therapeutic efficacy and preserving intestinal health is essential when prescribing antibiotic combinations, especially in the pediatric population.

This study investigated the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of rape straw with biochar addition. The effects of biochar on the biogas yield, degradation of lignocellulose, bacterial community, and crystallinity were explored. The results showed that the biogas yield and methane content increased as the biochar concentration was increased. The biochar concentration of 5.0% resulted in a high biogas yield in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 142.2 mL/g and 193.5 mL/g, respectively, which were 40.5% and 21.0% improvements compared with the control. The corresponding methane contents were 59.4% and 57.0%, respectively. For the lignocellulose degradation, the cellulose content in the mesophilic AD decreased from 54.0% in the pretreated rape straw to between 18.7% and 25.0%. The microbial community results showed that as the biochar concentration was increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes initially increased before it decreased. Among the microbial community results, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the biogas residue of the mesophilic anaerobic digestion were the highest in the biogas residue with the 5.0% biochar concentration sample in the mesophilic AD, at 27.06% and 39.20%, respectively. This result revealed the mechanism of biochar to improve the biogas production of rape straw in anaerobic fermentation.

A successful product family design method should achieve an optimal tradeoff among a set of conflicting objectives, which involves maximizing commonality across the family of products with the prerequisite of satisfying customers’ performance requirements. Optimization based methods are experiencing new found use in product family design to resolve the inherent tradeoff between commonality and distinctiveness that exists within a product family. This paper presents and develops a 2-level chromosome structured genetic algorithm (2LCGA) to simultaneously determine the optimal settings for the product platform and corresponding family of products, by automatically varying the amount of platform commonality within the product family during a single optimization process. The single-stage approach can yield improvements in the overall performance of the product family compared with two-stage approaches, in which the first stage involves determining the best settings for the platform variables and values of unique variables are found for each product in the second stage. The augmented scope of 2LCGA allows multiple platforms to be considered during product family optimization, offering opportunities for superior overall design by more efficacious tradeoffs between commonality and performance. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through the design of a family of universal electric motors and comparison against previous work.