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This study is to summarize and evaluate the available evidence for the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Eight databases were searched from inception to September 15, 2024. All systematic reviews (SRs)/meta-analyses (MAs) treated with PRP versus HA for KOA were collected. Literature screening and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. The methodological quality, reporting quality, risk of bias, evidence quality, and evidence overlap rate of the included studies were evaluated by using AMSTAR 2, PRISMA 2020, ROBIS, GRADE, and GROOVE systems. Seventeen SRs were included. The results showed that the effectiveness and safety of PRP in the treatment of KOA may be superior to HA. The methodological quality of all 17 documents was extremely low quality. Sixteen of them had poor reporting quality, and there were relatively serious information deficiencies. All SRs were determined to be at high risk. Among the 221 outcome indicators, there were two medium-quality evidences, 30 low-quality evidences, and 189 extremely low-quality evidences. It was found that there was a very high overlap among the included articles. Currently, the quality of SRs on the treatment of KOA with PRP versus HA is relatively low. Future authors of SRs should adhere to quality assessment tool criteria, expand sample sizes to reduce overlap, and evaluate the quality of evidence for merged study results, in order to provide more reliable and rigorous evidence-based support for clinical practice.

Scoliosis is a common spinal disorder that affects 2–4% of adolescents worldwide. With the rise of short-video platforms like TikTok, they have increasingly played a significant role in health information dissemination. However, the quality and accuracy of scoliosis-related video content on these platforms have not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and quality of scoliosis-related videos on TikTok. Using a cross-sectional design and a newly created TikTok account with cleared cache to minimize bias, we retrieved the platform’s top 100 scoliosis-related short videos via its default sorting algorithm on August 17, 2025. Two independent reviewers with backgrounds in orthopedic surgery and health-information assessment extracted basic data and evaluated each video’s quality and accuracy with the Global Quality Score (GQS, 1–5), modified DISCERN (0–5), and JAMA (0–4). Bivariate associations used Spearman’s rank correlation; multivariable associations used a proportional-odds ordinal logistic model with GQS as the outcome. A total of 95 videos were included in the analysis. 5 videos were excluded due to language mismatch, redundancy, or commercial content. Video duration was median 60 s (IQR 45–87). The median number of views was 8109 (IQR 2112–33,856). Professional individuals accounted for 63.8% of the uploaded videos, while non-professional individuals contributed 33.0%. The median GQS for professional videos was 3, while for non-professional videos it was 2. The video content primarily focused on treatment (68.1%), with less emphasis on diagnosis (16%) and prevention (8.5%). The videos exhibited moderate overall quality, with median scores of 3 for GQS and mDISCERN, and 2 for JAMA, with IQRs of 2–4, 2–3, and 1–2, respectively. Videos uploaded by professional individuals had higher quality and accuracy scores. Fans correlated with mDISCERN and JAMA scores (r = 0.241, P  = 0.017 and r = 0.275, P  = 0.005, respectively). In the multivariable model, collections (OR = 4.287, 95% CI 1.313–13.989) and duration (OR = 2.664, 95% CI 1.370–5.182) were associated with higher GQS, whereas patient as the uploader identity (OR = 0.064, 95% CI 0.007–0.621) and prognosis content (OR = 0.052, 95% CI 0.005–0.555) were associated with lower GQS. The quality and accuracy of scoliosis-related short videos on TikTok are generally low, with lower quality and accuracy scores for non-professionals.. The main problems are lack of professional review, misleading information, and emphasis on treatment rather than prevention. It is recommended that the public exercise caution when browsing health information on short-video platforms, and that medical professionals provide higher-quality educational content. This study provides a basis for the regulation and optimization of health information on short-video platforms.

This study aims to assess the efficacy of curcumins in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA). We performed a comprehensive review of literature from inception to 11 January 2025, identifying all systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) on curcumin treatment for KOA. Two independent reviewers conducted literature screening and data extraction. Evaluation of methodological and reporting quality, risk of bias, evidence quality, and evidence overlap was carried out using AMSTAR 2, PRISMA 2020, ROBIS, GRADE, and GROOVE frameworks. Seven SRs met inclusion criteria. Curcumins demonstrated potential efficacy and safety advantages over control treatments in KOA management. However, these reviews were of extremely low methodological quality, with poor reporting and significant information gaps. High risk of bias was noted in four SRs. Among 48 outcomes assessed, evidence quality was mostly low, with 5 medium-quality, 6 low-quality, and 37 extremely low-quality evidences. Significant literature overlap was evident. The current SRs on curcumins for KOA are of low quality. Future research should adhere to rigorous quality assessment standards, increase sample sizes to minimize overlap, and thoroughly evaluate evidence quality to enhance the reliability and rigor of evidence supporting clinical practice. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42025641801, identifier CRD42025641801.

Adversarial attacks against deep learning models achieve high performance in white-box settings but often exhibit low transferability in black-box scenarios, especially against defended models. In this work, we propose Multi-Path Random Restart (MPRR), which initializes multiple restart points with random noise to optimize gradient updates and improve transferability. Building upon MPRR, we propose the Channel Shuffled Attack Method (CSAM), a new gradient-based attack that generates highly transferable adversarial examples via channel permutation of input images. Extensive experiments on the ImageNet dataset show that MPRR substantially improves the success rates of existing attacks (e.g., boosting FGSM, MI-FGSM, DIM, and TIM by 22.4–38.6%), and CSAM achieves average success rates 13.8–24.0% higher than state-of-the-art methods.

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) is a versatile technique to study the dynamics and function of biomolecules since it makes nanoscale movements detectable as fluorescence signals. The powerful ability to infer quantitative kinetic information from smFRET data is, however, complicated by experimental limitations. Diverse analysis tools have been developed to overcome these hurdles but a systematic comparison is lacking. Here, we report the results of a blind benchmark study assessing eleven analysis tools used to infer kinetic rate constants from smFRET trajectories. We test them against simulated and experimental data containing the most prominent difficulties encountered in analyzing smFRET experiments: different noise levels, varied model complexity, non-equilibrium dynamics, and kinetic heterogeneity. Our results highlight the current strengths and limitations in inferring kinetic information from smFRET trajectories. In addition, we formulate concrete recommendations and identify key targets for future developments, aimed to advance our understanding of biomolecular dynamics through quantitative experiment-derived models. The ability to infer quantitative kinetic information from single-molecule FRET (smFRET) data can be challenging. Here the authors perform a blind benchmark study assessing different analysis tools used to infer kinetic rate constants from smFRET trajectories, testing on simulated and experimental data.

Background and Purpose: Ciprofol, a novel intravenous anesthetic, has been shown to exert protective effects against ischemic stroke, a leading cause of death and disability; however, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ciprofol using metabolomics. Methods: This study used a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model to simulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The rats were divided into ciprofol, MCAO, and sham groups. Histological and neurobehavioral testing methods were used to investigate the therapeutic effects of ciprofol in rats. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to screen for differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways in the serum and brain of the three groups. Spectrophotometry was used to detect in vitro mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC-I) activity. Results: Neurological behavioral scores and cerebral infarct volumes of rats in the ciprofol group were significantly lower than those of rats in the MCAO group. Metabolomic analysis revealed 19 differential metabolites in serum samples and 31 differential metabolites in brain samples, including flavin mononucleotide (FMN). These metabolites were mainly enriched in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory electron transport chain, and amino acid and lipid metabolism. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ciprofol promoted the activity of MRCC-I during CIRI by increasing FMN levels. Conclusion: The mechanisms of action of ciprofol during treatment of cerebral ischemia involve the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory electron transport chain, and amino acid and lipid metabolism and may directly affect MRCC-I activity by regulating FMN.

Upwelling and internal waves are known to affect the physical and chemical characteristics of marine ecosystems, yet the processes and mechanisms by which internal waves influence phytoplankton biomass and community composition in upwelling regions are still unclear. In this study, a 72-h time series of observations was conducted in an upwelling system in the northern South China Sea during the summer of 2014. The results showed that the intensity of upwelling was affected by internal waves, which caused nutrient fluctuations in the upper water column. The phytoplankton total chlorophyll a responded positively to the increase of nutrient concentrations, but only after a time lag of 12–16 h. This overall response was the net result of four different types of responses displayed by nine specific phytoplankton groups. All groups that displayed immediate positive responses continued to respond positively at least 12 h later, whereas all groups that responded negatively showed no time-lagged responses. Based on the vertical distributions of the nine phytoplankton groups and their known physiological traits, we suggest that these different types of response were the net result of a rapid physical transport effect and a time-lagged, physiological effect via bottom-up control.

In the summer of 2024, COVID-19 positive cases spiked in many countries, but it is no longer a deadly pandemic thanks to global herd immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 viruses. In our physical chemistry lab in spring 2024, students practice kinetic models, SIR (Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered) and SIRV (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered, Vaccinated) using COVID-19 positive cases and vaccination data from World Health Organization (WHO). In this report, we further introduce virus breakthrough to the existing model updating it the SIRVB (Susceptible, Infectious, Recovered, Vaccinated, Breakthrough) model. We believe this is the simplest model possible to explain the COVID-19 kinetics/dynamics in all countries in the past four years. Parameters obtained from such practice correlate with many indices of different countries. These models and parameters have significant value to researchers and policymakers in predicting the stages of future outbreaks of infectious diseases.

This article reports a two-stage differential structure power amplifier based on a 130 nm SiGe process operating at 77 GHz. By introducing a tunable capacitor for amplitude and phase balance at the center tap of the secondary coil of the traditional Marchand balun, the balun achieves amplitude imbalance less than 0.5 dB and phase imbalance less than 1 degree within the operating frequency range of 70–85 GHz, which enables the power amplifier to exhibit comparable output power over a wide operating frequency band. The power amplifier, based on a designed 3-bit digital analog convertor (DAC)-controlled base bias current source, exhibits small signal gain fluctuation of less than 5 dB and saturation output power fluctuation of less than 2 dB near the 80 GHz frequency point when the ambient temperature varies in the range of −40 °C to 125 °C. Benefiting from the aforementioned design, the tested single-path differential power amplifier exhibits a small signal gain exceeding 16 dB, a saturation output power exceeding 18 dBm, and a peak saturation output power of 19.1 dBm in the frequency band of 70–85 GHz.

ObjectivesTo conduct an umbrella review to extensively evaluate and summarise the evidence regarding the relationship between risk factors and the occurrence of brain metastasis in lung cancer.DesignUmbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Data sourcesFour databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to 10 November 2024.Eligibility criteriaSystematic reviews and meta-analyses that assessed the relationship between risk factors and brain metastasis in lung cancer were included. Only English language studies were considered.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies. Certainty of evidence was evaluated and summarised for each identified risk factor.ResultsSix systematic reviews/meta-analyses were included. The quality of these studies varied, with most having low or critically low methodological quality. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, female gender, lung adenocarcinoma and advanced tumour stage were associated with an increased risk of brain metastasis. Prophylactic cranial irradiation and older age were associated with reduced risk.ConclusionsThis umbrella review suggests that several risk factors may be associated with brain metastasis in lung cancer, but the overall quality of evidence is low. Future studies with improved methodologies are needed to validate these findings.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023484563