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Bacteria and excessive inflammation are two main factors causing non-healing wounds. However, current studies have mainly focused on the inhibition of bacteria survival for wound healing while ignoring the excessive inflammation induced by dead bacteria-released lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN). Herein, a boron-trapping strategy has been proposed to prevent both infection and excessive inflammation by synthesizing a class of reactive metal boride nanoparticles (MB NPs). Our results show that the MB NPs are gradually hydrolyzed to generate boron dihydroxy groups and metal cations while generating a local alkaline microenvironment. This microenvironment greatly enhances boron dihydroxy groups to trap LPS or PGN through an esterification reaction, which not only enhances metal cation-induced bacterial death but also inhibits dead bacteria-induced excessive inflammation both in vitro and in vivo, finally accelerating wound healing. Taken together, this boron-trapping strategy provides an approach to the treatment of bacterial infection and the accompanying inflammation. Antibacterial wound healing approaches often target bacteria but overlook the inflammation response caused by products release by dead bacteria. Here, the authors report on the development of Boride nanoparticles to treat infection and prevent excessive inflammation by trapping lipopolysaccharides/peptidoglycans.

Calcium phosphate compounds form the inorganic phases of our mineralised tissues such as bone and teeth, playing an important role in hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In dentistry and oral care products, hydroxyapatite (HA) is a stable and biocompatible calcium phosphate with low solubility being used for various applications such as tooth remineralisation, reduction of tooth sensitivity, oral biofilm control, and tooth whitening. Clinical data on these products is limited with varied results; additionally, the effectiveness of these apatite compounds versus fluoride, which has conventionally been used in toothpaste, has not been established. Therefore, this review critically evaluates current research on HA oral care, and discusses the role and mechanism of HA in remineralisation of both enamel and dentine and for suppressing dentine sensitivity. Furthermore, we position HA’s role in biofilm management and highlight the role of HA in dental applications by summarising the recent achievement and providing an overview of commercialised HA dental products. The review also indicates the existing limitations and provides direction for future research and commercialisation of apatite-based oral care products.

Background Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most devastating pathogen of soybean. Our previous study showed that the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus simplex strain Sneb545 promotes soybean resistance to SCN. Here, we conducted a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis to gain information regarding the biological mechanism of defence enhancement against SCN in Sneb545-treated soybean. To this end, we compared the transcriptome and metabolome of Sneb545-treated and non-treated soybeans under SCN infection. Results Transcriptomic analysis showed that 6792 gene transcripts were common in Sneb545-treated and non-treated soybeans. However, Sneb545-treated soybeans showed a higher concentration of various nematicidal metabolites, including 4-vinylphenol, methionine, piperine, and palmitic acid, than non-treated soybeans under SCN infection. Conclusions Overall, our results validated and expanded the existing models regarding the co-regulation of gene expression and metabolites in plants, indicating the advantage of integrated system-oriented analysis.

This research proposes a novel deep breathing analogy (DBA) accelerated carbonation process. Inspired by the breathing mechanism of human lungs, the DBA method involves injecting pure CO 2 into a reaction chamber at a specific pressure (inspiration) and subsequently evacuating the gas from the chamber to a negative pressure (exhalation). This process is repeated to remove excess water from the chamber and restore optimal carbonation conditions, which further enhances the efficiency of carbonation for the sample. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated based on weight gain, proportion of captured CO 2 and carbonation depth. Results show that the DBA method significantly reduces the inhibition of carbonation. Based on the test results, a correlation between the proportion of captured CO 2 and carbonation depth is established. Additionally, a more accurate prediction model for pressurized carbonation is proposed and the economic potential of concrete carbonation is studied.

Background Accumulated evidence highlights the significance of the crosstalk between epigenetic and epitranscriptomic mechanisms, notably 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A). Herein, we conducted a widespread analysis regarding the crosstalk between 5mC and m 6 A regulators in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Pan-cancer genomic analysis of the crosstalk between 5mC and m 6 A regulators was presented at transcriptomic, genomic, epigenetic, and other multi-omics levels. Hub 5mC and m 6 A regulators were summarized to define an epigenetic and epitranscriptomic module eigengene (EME), which reflected both the pre- and post-transcriptional modifications. Results 5mC and m 6 A regulators interacted with one another at the multi-omic levels across pan-cancer, including HCC. The EME scoring system enabled to greatly optimize risk stratification and accurately predict HCC patients’ clinical outcomes and progression. Additionally, the EME accurately predicted the responses to mainstream therapies (TACE and sorafenib) and immunotherapy as well as hyper-progression. In vitro, 5mC and m 6 A regulators cooperatively weakened apoptosis and facilitated proliferation, DNA damage repair, G2/M arrest, migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells. The EME scoring system was remarkably linked to potential extrinsic and intrinsic immune escape mechanisms, and the high EME might contribute to a reduced copy number gain/loss frequency. Finally, we determined potential therapeutic compounds and druggable targets (TUBB1 and P2RY4) for HCC patients with high EME. Conclusions Our findings suggest that HCC may result from a unique synergistic combination of 5mC-epigenetic mechanism mixed with m 6 A-epitranscriptomic mechanism, and their crosstalk defines therapeutic response and pharmacogenomic landscape.

Background Root-knot nematode is one of the most significant diseases of vegetable crops in the world. Biological control with microbial antagonists has been emerged as a promising and eco-friendly treatment to control pathogens. The aim of this study was to screen and identify novel biocontrol agents against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita . Results A total of 890 fungal isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil of different crops and screened by nematicidal activity assays. Snef1910 strain showed high virulence against second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita and identified as Trichoderma citrinoviride by morphology analysis and biomolecular assay. Furthermore, T. citrinoviride Snef1910 significantly inhibited egg hatching with the hatching inhibition percentages of 90.27, 77.50, and 67.06% at 48, 72, and 96 h after the treatment, respectively. The results of pot experiment showed that the metabolites of T. citrinoviride Snef1910 significantly decreased the number of root galls, J2s, and nematode egg masses and J2s population density in soil and significantly promoted the growth of tomato plants. In the field experiment, the biocontrol application showed that the control efficacy of T. citrinoviride Snef1910 against root-knot nematode was more than 50%. Meanwhile, T. citrinoviride Snef1910 increased the tomato plant biomass. Conclusions T. citrinoviride strain Snef1910 could be used as a potential biological control agent against root-knot nematode, M. incognita .

Root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) is chief plant parasitic nematode of various crops globally. Meanwhile, the negative side effects on human health and environmental concerns associated with haphazard uses of chemical nematicides. Hence, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. The present study was aimed to evaluate the nematicidal potential of Snef1216 ( Penicillium chrysogenum ) against M. incognita at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and with the nutritious medium. The egg hatching inhibition and mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita were assessed after 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. Results revealed that egg hatching inhibition and percent mortality of M. incognita increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. The highest mortality of juveniles was recorded at 100% conc. i.e., 24.20%, 36%, 66%, 78% and 97.8% at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The highest ovicidal activity was recorded at 100% concentration with 5.20% of eggs hatching. The outcome suggested that Snef1216 ( P. chrysogenum ) resulted in the lowest LC 50 value was recorded as 3718.496 at 6 h exposure period followed by 10479.87, 11186.682, 14838.58 and 24001.430 at 72, 12, 48 and 24 h respectively via ovicidal assay. Whereas, in the larvicidal assay, the lowest LC 50 value demonstrated at 72 h being 17.628% exposure period followed by 28.345, 50.490, 215.710 and 482.595% at 48, 24, 12 and 6 h respectively. It is concluded that Snef1216 has potential being used as a biocontrol agent against M. incognita and can serve as a source of a novel nematicidal agent of fungal origin.

Generally, atomic doping is an effective method to address the weak bonding strength of the graphene/aluminum (Gr/Al) composite interface structure caused by physical adsorption, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the interface structure. In this paper, the nanoscopic influence mechanisms of atomic (M, including 12 types of atoms (elements)) doping in the aluminum matrix (Al) on the ideal strength of the Gr/Al interface structures are investigated based on density functional theory. The analysis of the electronic properties of the typical interface structures reveals that doping with scandium (Sc), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) atoms can all improve the interface binding energy of the Gr/Al structures, but their effects on the ideal strength are different. Sc doping disrupts the symmetry of the graphene structure so as to enhance the interface binding energy, but the ideal strength of the Gr/Al structures is decreased. For Cu doping it shows good compatibility with the Al matrix and the interface binding energy is enhanced through Cu alloying with the Al matrix, while the ideal strength of the interface remains basically unchanged. As for Mn doping, it causes the charge to accumulate around the Mn atoms and a resonance peak between the dZ2 orbitals of Mn and the px orbitals of Al to form, thereby improving the ideal strength of the interface structure. This study provides valuable insights for the design of Gr/Al composites by elucidating the underlying mechanisms for enhancing interface mechanical properties.

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) with shared etiology, histological characteristics, and certain risk factors represent the most common solid cancers. This study reports the crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis at the molecular level in SCCs, and their roles on the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME) of SCCs. In this study, the connections between autophagy and ferroptosis were characterized in SCCs by analyzing the associations between autophagy- and ferroptosis-related genes in mRNA expression and prognosis, protein-protein interactions and shared signaling pathways. Autophagy potential index (API) and ferroptosis potential index (FPI) of each tumor were quantified for reflecting autophagy and ferroptosis levels principal-component analysis algorithm. Their synergistical roles on TME, immunity, drug resistance and survival were systematically analyzed in SCCs. There were close connections between autophagy and ferroptosis at the mRNA and protein levels and prognosis. Both shared cancer-related pathways. The API and FPI were separately developed based on prognostic autophagy- and ferroptosis-related genes. A high correlation between API and FPI was found in SCCs. Their interplay was distinctly associated with favorable prognosis, enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs (Sunitinib, Gefitinib, Vinblastine and Vorinostat), an inflamed TME and higher likelihood of response to immunotherapy in SCCs. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between autophagy and ferroptosis and their synergistical roles on manipulating the immunological TME in SCCs. These findings indicated that the induction of autophagy and ferroptosis combined with immunotherapy might produce synergistically enhanced anti-SCCs activity.

As a reinforcing phase, Graphene (Gr) can effectively enhance the strength of the aluminum substrate (Al). Yet most of the previous research focuses primarily on the interfacial adhesion, the mechanical performances of the graphene/aluminum interface structure and the corresponding strengthening mechanism remain insufficiently understood. In this study, employing density functional theory (DFT), the electronic and mechanical properties of different graphene/aluminum interface structures (Gr/Al) are investigated. By tensile simulations of the Gr/Al interface structures, the enhancement mechanism of Gr on aluminum substrate is revealed at a microscopic scale. The ideal strength of the Gr/Al interface structure increases with the increasing number of graphene layers, where the three-layer graphene structure (AAA-Gr/Al) exhibits the highest ideal strength of 5.02 N/m. For the tensile of the Gr/Al interface structure, the distortion of the graphene lattice enhances the interfacial binding ability and resists tensile deformation. Eventually, the breaking of the C-C bonds in graphene occurs, preventing the reformation of in-plane strong σ covalent bonds. For the AAA-Gr/Al interface structure under biaxial tension, the resistance to deformation primarily arises from the p z orbital of graphene and the p x orbital of graphene hybridizes with the s orbital of Al, which synergistically increase the ideal strength of the interface structure. A comprehensive framework on evaluating the mechanical performance of Gr/Al interface structures has been developed by combining adhesion energy analysis, stress-strain calculations, and electronic structure analysis, which will advance the understanding of the structure-property relationship in Gr/Al composites.