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Accurate diagnosis of corneal pathology and morphological identification of different corneal layers require clear delineation of corneal three-dimensional structures and en face or cross-sectional imaging of palisade of Vogt (POV), neovascularization (NV) or corneal nerves. Here we report a prototype of full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) system with isotropic sub-micron spatial resolution in the en face and cross-sectional views. It can also provide three-dimensional reconstructed images and a large field of view (FOV) by stitching tomograms side by side. We validated the imaging power of this prototype in in vivo rat and rabbit eyes, and quantified anatomical characteristics such as corneal layer thickness, endothelial cell density and the intensity profile of different layers. This FF-OCT delineated the ridge-like structure of POV, corneal nerve bundles, and conjunctival vessels in rat eyes. It also clearly identified the vessel walls and red blood cells in rabbit model of corneal NV. The findings provided by this FF-OCT are expected to facilitate corneal disease diagnosis and treatment.

Lysosomes are the major degradative compartments within cells, harbouring a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes within their lumen. Release of lysosomal hydrolases from lysosomes into the cell cytoplasm results in cell death. Here we report that damaged lysosomes undergo autophagic turnover. Using a light-induced lysosome impairing scheme that can be controlled spatially and temporally within a cell, we show that damaged lysosomes are selectively ubiquitinated, recruit autophagic proteins and are eventually incorporated into autolysosomes for degradation. We propose that autophagic removal of lysosomes, which we term lysophagy, is a surveillance mechanism that alleviates cells from the adverse effects of lysosomal damage. We envision our method to induce lysosomal damage will enable detailed molecular studies of the lysophagy pathway in the future. Lysosomes are the major degradative compartments within cells, but little is known about cellular mechanisms that control lysosome quality. Here Hung et al. show that lysosomes damaged by light-induced activation of a photosensitizer are selectively ubiquitinated and subsequently eliminated by autophagy.

Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:Describe clinicopathological features of eyelid SGC in the ethnic Chinese population in Taiwan, according to a retrospective studyDetermine prognostic factors for eyelid SGC in the ethnic Chinese population in Taiwan, according to a retrospective studyCompare the 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC staging system for diagnostic performance regarding the outcomes of local recurrence, regional lymph node metastasis, and tumor-related death, according to a retrospective studyContinuing Medical EducationIn support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by Medscape, LLC and Springer Nature. Medscape, LLC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.Medscape, LLC designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s). Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 1.0 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit.Credit hours1.0Release date: 31 May 2019Expiration date: 31 May 2020Post-test link:https://medscape.org/eye/posttest912117[inline-graphic not available: see fulltext]Authors/Editors disclosure informationS.S. has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships: Served as an advisor or consultant for: Allergan, Inc.; Bayer AG; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Heidelberg Pharma GmbH; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Optos; Roche. Served as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Allergan, Inc.; Bayer AG; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Optos. Received grants for clinical research from: Allergan, Inc.; Bayer AG; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Optos. Y.H., C.-Y.Y., Y.-H.W., L.-W.C., S.-L.L. have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Journal CME author disclosure informationLaurie Barclay has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.PurposeTo investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors for eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) in an ethnic Chinese population and to validate the performance of the T category of the 8th edition AJCC staging systems, with the aim of providing information for refinements.MethodsSixty-three patients with pathological diagnosis of SGC were enroled retrospectively. The clinicopathological features, treatments, and outcomes were collected. Prognostic factors associated with the outcome of local recurrence, regional lymph node metastasis, and tumour-related death were analysed. The performance analysis was performed by comparing the predictive value for survival and the monotonicity of gradients between the 7th and 8th staging systems.ResultsThe distribution of T1:T2:T3:T4 tumours according to the 7th and 8th edition was 6:40:16:1 and 23:26:5:9, respectively. Positive surgical margin was a poor prognostic factor. Local recurrence was associated with more aggressive histopathological features and surrounding structure invasions. Regional lymph node metastasis was associated with larger tumours. The T category of 8th edition showed better predictability for local recurrence and regional lymph node metastasis, while the T category of 7th edition had better monotonicity of gradients. Tumours classified as T2c or worse had higher risk of regional lymph node metastasis, while tumours T3b or worse in the 8th edition had more tumour-related death.ConclusionsPatients with higher T category are at risk of regional lymph node metastasis and tumour-related death. Further refinement of the T category of AJCC staging system can focus on the predictability for local recurrence and the monotonicity of gradients.

Purpose To survey adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal glands in Asian population and investigate the predictability in prognosis following the 8 th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging guideline. Study design Retrospective study. Methods The clinical entities and surgical outcomes of the patients who were histologically confirmed with a diagnosis of lacrimal adenoid cystic carcinoma in National Taiwan University Hospital between January 1995 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Enrolled were 11 patients. The median follow-up was 7.2 years. Eight patients (72.7%) were diagnosed as T1 or T2 disease, and three patients (27.3%) were diagnosed as T3 or T4 disease according to the AJCC 8 th edition guideline. Eye-sparing surgery with radiotherapy was performed in nine patients. Local recurrence was noted in six patients (54.5%) with median disease-free interval of 23.5 months. Six patients (54.5%) developed distant metastases, including lung, bone, and cranial invasions. Overall survival rate during the study period was 54.6%. Five-year overall survival was 81.8% and ten-year overall survival was 68.2%. The Log-rank test for overall survival and disease-free survival between patients with less than T3 disease (p=0.001) and patients with T3 or T4 disease (p=0.006) revealed significant differences. Conclusion This study highlighted the aggressive nature of adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal glands. Eye-sparing surgery with adjunctive radiotherapy may achieve relatively optimal disease control in diseases staged T1 or T2, but in advanced disease metastasis and mortality are usually inevitable.

Pericytes are functional components of the neurovascular unit (NVU). They provide support to other NVU components and maintain normal physiological functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The brain ischemia and reperfusion result in pathological alterations in pericytes. The intimate anatomical and functional interactions between pericytes and other NVU components play pivotal roles in the progression of stroke pathology. In this review, we depict the biology and functions of pericytes in the normal brain and discuss their effects in brain injury and repair after ischemia/reperfusion. Since ischemic stroke occurs mostly in elderly people, we also review age-related changes in pericytes and how these changes predispose aged brains to ischemic/reperfusion injury. Strategies targeting pericyte responses after ischemia and reperfusion may provide new therapies for ischemic stroke.

Let G be a graph with a minimum degree δ of at least two. The inclusion chromatic index of G, denoted by χ⊂′(G), is the minimum number of colors needed to properly color the edges of G so that the set of colors incident with any vertex is not contained in the set of colors incident to any of its neighbors. We prove that every connected subcubic graph G with δ(G)≥2 either has an inclusion chromatic index of at most six, or G is isomorphic to K^2,3, where its inclusion chromatic index is seven.

The aim of this observational study was to examine the characteristics of anterior and posterior corneal topography in keratoconic eyes more than 30 years after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Patients who maintained clear grafts for more than 30 years after PK were included and divided into the keratoconus (KC) group or other diseases (Others) group, based on the primary indication. Twenty-six eyes of 26 patients were included. The KC group and the Others group included 14 eyes and 12 eyes, respectively. The KC group participants were younger at the time of surgery ( P  = 0.03). No differences were found in best-spectacle-corrected visual acuity, keratometric power, and central-corneal-thickness. Based on corneal topography using Fourier harmonic analyses, regular astigmatism in the anterior cornea was significantly larger ( P  = 0.047) and the spherical component in the posterior cornea was significantly lower ( P  = 0.01) in the KC group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the spherical component, regular astigmatism, asymmetry component, and higher-order irregularity were 66.07%, 63.10%, 57.14%, and 59.23%, respectively, in the anterior cornea and 80.65%, 52.98%, 63.10%, and 63.99%, respectively, in the posterior cornea. Our results suggested that Fourier harmonic analysis of corneal topography could be useful for patients with KC long after PK.

Purpose - Although the number of virtual communities has increased dramatically over the past few years, attracting and maintaining members remains the biggest challenge to establishing virtual social networks. This study seeks to integrate the roles of individual factors (issue involvement), social factors (social interaction), and system factors (system interactivity), and to explore how these factors contribute to member commitment in virtual communities.Design methodology approach - A total of 402 undergraduate students, who are all current members of virtual communities, participated in this study. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).Findings - The findings reveal that member commitment to communities was influenced more by their issue involvement compared to their perceived social interaction or perceived system interactivity.Originality value - This research contributes to online community literature by integrating critical antecedent factors in the field of community commitment behavior. The findings indicate that issue involvement is more important than social interaction and system interactivity for influencing member commitment to communities. Additionally, the findings suggest that online community administrators should consider community positioning and topic selecting programs when attempting to influence users to commit to communities.

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder in the world, as it is appears to be prevalent among 80% of individuals over the age of 75. Although physical activities such as walking have been scientifically proven to improve physical function and arthritic symptoms, individuals with OA tend to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. There is therefore a need to improve knowledge translation in order to influence individuals to adopt effective self-management interventions, such as an adapted walking program. Methods A single-blind, randomized control trial was conducted. Subjects (n = 222) were randomized to one of three knowledge translation groups: 1) Walking and Behavioural intervention (WB) (18 males, 57 females) which included the supervised community-based aerobic walking program combined with a behavioural intervention and an educational pamphlet on the benefits of walking; 2) Walking intervention (W) (24 males, 57 females) wherein participants only received the supervised community-based aerobic walking program intervention and the educational pamphlet; 3) Self-directed control (C) (32 males, 52 females) wherein participants only received the educational pamphlet. One-way analyses of variance were used to test for differences in quality of life, adherence, confidence, and clinical outcomes among the study groups at each 3 month assessment during the 12-month intervention period and 6-month follow-up period. Results The clinical and quality of life outcomes improved among participants in each of the three comparative groups. However, there were few statistically significant differences observed for quality of life and clinical outcomes at long-term measurements at 12-months end of intervention and at 6- months post intervention (18-month follow-up). Outcome results varied among the three groups. Conclusion The three groups were equivalent when determining the effectiveness of knowledge uptake and improvements in quality of life and other clinical outcomes. OA can be managed through the implementation of a proven effective walking program in existing community-based walking clubs. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IRSCTNO9193542

A missense mutation, S85C, in the MATR3 gene is a genetic cause for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is unclear how the S85C mutation affects MATR3 function and contributes to disease. Here, we develop a mouse model that harbors the S85C mutation in the endogenous Matr3 locus using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. MATR3 S85C knock-in mice recapitulate behavioral and neuropathological features of early-stage ALS including motor impairment, muscle atrophy, neuromuscular junction defects, Purkinje cell degeneration and neuroinflammation in the cerebellum and spinal cord. Our neuropathology data reveals a loss of MATR3 S85C protein in the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and motor neurons, suggesting that a decrease in functional MATR3 levels or loss of MATR3 function contributes to neuronal defects. Our findings demonstrate that the MATR3 S85C mouse model mimics aspects of early-stage ALS and would be a promising tool for future basic and preclinical research. MATR3 is an ALS-linked gene. Here the authors describe a mutant MATR3 knockin mouse, which mimics some aspects of early-stage ALS.