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The Martian bow shock stands as the first defense against the solar wind and shapes the Martian magnetosphere. Previous studies showed the correlation between the Martian bow shock location and solar wind parameters. Here we present direct evidence of solar wind effects on the Martian bow shock by analyzing Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN data. We examined three cases where Tianwen‐1 data show rapid oscillations of the bow shock, while MAVEN data record changes in solar wind plasma and magnetic field. The results indicate that the bow shock is rapidly compressed and then expanded during the dynamic pressure pulse in the solar wind, and is also oscillated during the IMF rotation. The superposition of variations in multiple solar wind parameters leads to more intensive bow shock oscillation. This study emphasizes the importance of joint observations by Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN for studying the real‐time response of the Martian magnetosphere to the solar wind. Plain Language Summary The Martian bow shock is a standing shock wave that forms ahead of Mars due to the interaction with the solar wind, where the supersonic solar wind flow drops sharply to subsonic. The bow shock plays a crucial role in shaping the Martian magnetosphere and controlling the energy, mass, and momentum exchange between the solar wind and the Martian atmosphere. Previous research has shown that the position of Mars' bow shock is related to the solar wind. This research presents two‐spacecraft observations of how the solar wind affects the Martian bow shock. By analyzing data obtained by two orbiters, Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN, we find that the bow shock quickly contracts when the solar wind dynamic pressure rises or when the interplanetary magnetic field direction turns radial. When there are multiple changes in the solar wind at the same time, the bow shock moves around even more. This study shows how important it is to look at data from Tianwen‐1 and MAVEN at the same time to understand how Mars' magnetosphere reacts to the solar wind. Key Points First observations of the real‐time response of the Martian bow shock to changes in the upstream solar wind Direct evidence of the compression of the Martian bow shock under increased solar wind dynamic pressure Direct evidence of motion of the Martian bow shock caused by the rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field

Mars orbiter magnetometer (MOMAG) is one of seven science payloads onboard Tianwen-1’s orbiter. Unlike most of the satellites, Tianwen-1’s orbiter is not magnetically cleaned, and the boom where placed the magnetometer’s sensors is not long enough. These pose many challenges to the magnetic field data processing. In this study, we introduce the in-flight calibration process of the Tianwen-1/MOMAG. The magnetic interference including spacecraft generated dynamic field and the slowly-changing zero offsets are cleaned in sequence. Then the calibrated magnetic field data are compared with the data from the Mars atmosphere and volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN). We find that some physical structures in the solar wind are consistent between the two data sets, and the distributions of the magnetic field strength in the solar wind are very similar. These results suggest that the in-flight calibration of the MOMAG is successful and the MOMAG provides reliable data for scientific research.

Tianwen-1 spacecraft (Wan et al. 2020) is China's first Mars exploration mission. The Mars Orbiter Magnetometer (MOMAG) is a scientific instrument aboard the Tianwen-1 mission that is designed to study magnetic fields at Mars, including the solar wind to the magnetosheath and the ionosphere. Using the first Tianwen-1/MOMAG data that is publicly available, we present interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) and stream interaction region (SIR) catalogues based on in-situ observations at Mars between November 16, 2021, and December 31, 2021. We compared the magnetic field intensity and vector magnetic field measurements from Tianwen-1/MOMAG and Mars Atmospheric Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)/MAG during the ICME and SIR interval and found a generally good consistency between them. Due to MAVEN's orbital adjustment since 2019, the Tianwen-1/MOMAG instrument is currently the almost unique interplanetary magnetic field monitor at Mars. The observations indicate that the MOMAG instrument on Tianwen-1 is performing well and can provide accurate measurements of the vector magnetic field in the near-Mars solar wind space. The multi-point observations combining MOMAG, MINPA, and MEPA on board Tianwen-1 with MAG, SWIA, and STATIC on board MAVEN will open a window to systematically study the characteristic of ICMEs and SIRs at Mars, and their influences on the Martian atmosphere and ionosphere.

Mars Orbiter Magnetometer (MOMAG) is one of seven science payloads onboard Tianwen-1's orbiter. Unlike most of the satellites, Tianwen-1's orbiter is not magnetically cleaned, and the boom where placed the magnetometer's sensors is not long enough. These pose many challenges to the magnetic field data processing. In this paper, we introduce the in-flight calibration process of the Tianwen-1/MOMAG. The magnetic interference from the spacecraft, including spacecraft generated dynamic field and slowly-changing offsets are cleaned in sequence. Then the calibrated magnetic field data are compared with the data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN). We find that some physical structures in the solar wind are consistent between the two data sets, and the distributions of the magnetic field strength in the solar wind are very similar. These results suggest that the in-flight calibration of the MOMAG is successful and the MOMAG provides reliable data for scientific research.

Mars Orbiter MAGnetometer (MOMAG) is a scientifc instrument onboard the orbiter of China's first mission for Mars -- Tianwen-1. It started to routinely measure the magnetic field from the solar wind to magnetic pile-up region surrounding Mars since November 13, 2021. Here we present its in-flight performance and first science results based on the first one and a half months' data. By comparing with the magnetic field data in the solar wind from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN), the magnetic field by MOMAG is at the same level in magnitude, and the same magnetic structures with the similar variations in three components could be found in MOMAG data. In the first one and a half months, we recognize 158 clear bow shock (BS) crossings from MOMAG data, whose locations statistically match well with the modeled average BS. We also identify 5 pairs of simultaneous BS crossings of the Tianwen-1's orbiter and MAVEN. These BS crossings confirm the global shape of modeled BS as well as the south-north asymmetry of the Martian BS. Two presented cases in this paper suggest that the BS is probably more dynamic at flank than near the nose. So far, MOMAG performs well, and provides accurate magnetic field vectors. MOMAG is continuously scanning the magnetic field surrounding Mars. These measurements complemented by observations from MAVEN will undoubtedly advance our understanding of the plasma environment of Mars.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed the treatment paradigm of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC), a dominant type of bladder cancer (BC). Previous studies have shown an association between gene mutations in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and the immunotherapy response in mUC but have neglected the effect of the activation level of the DDR pathway on the ICI response in mUC. A published immunotherapy cohort with genome, transcriptome and survival data for 348 mUC patients was used. An external cohort (The Cancer Genome Atlas Bladder Cancer) and the GSE78220 cohort were used for validation. The activation level of the DDR pathway was quantified using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Further analysis on the genome, immunogenicity, and the immune microenvironment was conducted using the DDR ssGSEA enrichment score-high (DSSH) group and the DDR ssGSEA enrichment score-low (DSSL) group. In the mUC cohorts, the DSSH group was associated with longer overall survival times (P=0.026; Hazard ratio=0.67; 95%CI: 0.46−0.95). The DSSH group was also associated with higher tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load, immune-activated cell patterns, and immune-related gene expression levels. The GSEA results indicated an immune activation state in DSSH group, which correlated with a down-regulation in the transforming growth factor β receptor signaling pathway. Our study suggests that the activation level of the DDR pathway may be a novel predictive marker for immunotherapy efficacy in patients with mUC.

Background Approximately half of urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients exhibit low or null HER2 expression. Limited data are available on the efficacy of anti-HER2 RC48-ADC (Disitamab Vedotin) in HER2 low and null advanced UC. Methods Patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC (la/mUC) with HER2 low (IHC 1+) and null (IHC 0) expression who received RC48-ADC monotherapy or in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) inhibitors were enrolled in this multi-center, retrospective study. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs). Results A total of 27 patients were included, with a median age of 64 years, and 17 (63%) were male. Seven (26.0%) patients received RC48-ADC alone, and 20 (74.1%) received RC48-ADC combined with a PD-1 inhibitor. Eight (30.8%) patients achieved partial response (PR), and twelve (46.2%) exhibited stable disease (SD). The ORR was 30.8%, and DCR was 76.9%. The median PFS and OS were 7.4 months and 13.8 months, one-year PFS and OS rates were 29.1% and 57.2%, respectively. Both RC48 monotherapy and combination were well-tolerated. Grade 3 AEs occurred in 4 (14.8%) patients received combination treatment, including 2 cases of anemia, 1 case of increased serum creatinine, and 1 case of autoimmune encephalitis. No grade 3 or higher AEs were observed in RC48-ADC monotherapy. Conclusion RC48-ADC demonstrated favorable efficacy and manageable safety in la/mUC patients with HER2 low and null expression in real-world settings. Prospective studies with large sample size are warranted to validate this finding.

BackgroundPhase II trials showed the efficacy of anti-HER2 RC48-ADC (disitamab vedotin) for HER2-positive metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). This study evaluated RC48 alone verses in combination with immunotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic UC using real-world data.MethodsThis retrospective, multicenter, real-world study included patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC who received RC48 in five hospitals in China between July 2021 and April 2022. The outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and adverse events.ResultsThirty-six patients were included. The patients were 47–87 years, and 26 (72.2%) were male. Eighteen patients received RC48 alone, and 18 received RC48 combined with a programmed death-1 antibody. The median PFS was 5.4 months. The median OS was not reached. The 6-month and 1-year PFS rates were 38.8% and 15.5%, respectively. The 1-year OS rate was 79.6%. Fourteen (38.9%) patients achieved a partial response, and the ORR was 38.9%. Eleven patients had stable disease, and the DCR was 69.4%. The median PFS for patients who received RC48 combined with immunotherapy and those who received RC48 alone was 8.5 and 5.4 months, respectively. The main treatment-related adverse events included anemia, hypoesthesia, fatigue, and elevated transaminase. No treatment-related death occurred.ConclusionRC48 alone or combined with immunotherapy might benefit patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC, regardless of impaired renal function.

By exploiting the nonlinear responses of the fluorescent probes, the spatial resolution of structured illumination microscopy(SIM) can be further increased. However, due to the complex reconstruction process, the traditional reconstruction method of nonlinear structured illumination microscopy (NL-SIM) is relatively slow, which brings a great challenge to realizing real-time display of super-resolution results. To address these issues, an accelerated NL-SIM reconstruction algorithm was developed by extending a high-speed reconstruction framework, Joint Space and Frequency Reconstruction (JSFR) to NL-SIM. We anticipate that this algorithm will facilitate NL- SIM becoming a routine tool in biomedical laboratories.