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One of the biggest challenges hindering progress in low-resource and multilingual machine translation is the lack of good evaluation benchmarks. Current evaluation benchmarks either lack good coverage of low-resource languages, consider only restricted domains, or are low quality because they are constructed using semi-automatic procedures. In this work, we introduce the evaluation benchmark, consisting of 3001 sentences extracted from English Wikipedia and covering a variety of different topics and domains. These sentences have been translated in 101 languages by professional translators through a carefully controlled process. The resulting dataset enables better assessment of model quality on the long tail of low-resource languages, including the evaluation of many-to-many multilingual translation systems, as all translations are fully aligned. By publicly releasing such a high-quality and high-coverage dataset, we hope to foster progress in the machine translation community and beyond.

Van der Waals heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides with spin–valley coupling of carriers in different layers have emerged as a new platform for exploring spin/valleytronic applications. The interlayer coupling was predicted to exhibit subtle changes with the interlayer atomic registry. Manually stacked heterobilayers, however, are incommensurate with the inevitable interlayer twist and/or lattice mismatch, where the properties associated with atomic registry are difficult to access by optical means. Here, we unveil the distinct polarization properties of valley-specific interlayer excitons using epitaxially grown, commensurate WSe 2 /MoSe 2 heterobilayers with well-defined (AA and AB) atomic registry. We observe circularly polarized photoluminescence from interlayer excitons, but with a helicity opposite to the optical excitation. The negative circular polarization arises from the quantum interference imposed by interlayer atomic registry, giving rise to distinct polarization selection rules for interlayer excitons. Using selective excitation schemes, we demonstrate the optical addressability for interlayer excitons with different valley configurations and polarization helicities. The interlayer coupling in van der Waals heterostructures is sensitive to the interlayer atomic registry. Here, the authors investigate the polarisation properties of epitaxially grown, commensurate WSe 2 /MoSe 2 heterobilayers with well-defined atomic registry, and observe negative, circularly polarized photoluminescence from interlayer excitons.

INTRODUCTION:Concerns regarding bleeding remain in cold snare polypectomy (CSP) for small pedunculated (0-Ip) polyps. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of CSP and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) for such lesions.METHODS:Data on 0-Ip colorectal polyps ≤10 mm were extracted from a large, pragmatic, randomized trial. Immediate postpolypectomy bleeding (IPPB), defined as the perioperative use of a clip for bleeding, was evaluated through polyp-level analysis. Delayed postpolypectomy bleeding (DPPB), defined as bleeding occurring within 2 weeks postoperatively, was assessed at the patient-level among patients whose polyps were all ≤10 mm, including at least one 0-Ip polyp.RESULTS:A total of 647 0-Ip polyps (CSP: 306; HSP: 341) were included for IPPB analysis and 386 patients (CSP: 192; HSP: 194) for DPPB analysis. CSP was associated with a higher incidence of IPPB (10.8% vs 3.2%, P < 0.001) but no adverse clinical events. The procedure time of all polypectomies was shorter for CSP than for HSP (123.0 ± 117.8 vs 166.0 ± 237.7 seconds, P = 0.003), while the procedure time of polypectomies with IPPB were similar (249.8 ± 140.2 vs 227.4 ± 125.9 seconds, P = 0.64). DPPB was observed in 3 patients (1.5%) in the HSP group, including one patient (0.5%) with severe bleeding, but not in the CSP group.DISCUSSION:Despite CSP being associated with more IPPB events, it could be timely treated without adverse outcomes. Notably, no delayed bleeding occurred in the CSP group. Our findings support the use of CSP for 0-Ip polyps ≤ 10 mm.

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) and intragastric balloon (IGB) are established endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) for obesity, but their comparative efficacy and safety remain uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies evaluating ESG versus IGB. The primary outcome was percentage of total body weight loss (%TBWL), assessed at the longest available follow-up and stratified timepoints (1, 3, 6, and 12 months). To explore temporal trends, we performed a meta-regression using follow-up duration as a continuous moderator. Secondary outcomes included a meta-regression based on baseline BMI differences and a pooled analysis of adverse events. Six comparative studies (n = 5330) were included. ESG was associated with significantly greater %TBWL than IGB (mean difference: 2.541; 95% CI 0.754 to 4.327; p  = 0.005), with increasing benefit over time. Meta-regression confirmed a significant positive association between follow-up duration and treatment effect ( p  = 0.0006). A separate meta-regression revealed greater efficacy of ESG in patients with higher baseline BMI ( p  = 0.0001). Overall adverse event rates were comparable between the two groups ( p  = 0.20) ; however, IGB showed observed trends toward higher device intolerance and early removal rates in individual cohorts. Our findings suggest that ESG may offer a therapeutic advantage over IGB regarding weight loss efficacy, a trend that appears more pronounced in cohorts with higher obesity severity and across extended follow-up periods. ESG offers a comparable safety profile to IGB and may represent a more durable endoscopic bariatric option with potential advantages in procedural tolerability. Long-term trials are needed to validate its metabolic and clinical advantages beyond 12 months.

High superconducting critical temperature ( T c ) of 73.6 K at ambient pressure is predicted in BSiC2 by means of the first-principles electron-phonon calculations. Without the need for doping or pressurization, the stoichiometric BSiC2 exhibits strong electron-phonon coupling (EPC) and highest T c among BCS-superconductors at ambient pressure. Also, it is hydrogen-free that makes easier the sample growth. The dramatic softening of the E 2 g mode is the main account for the strong EPC. In addition, we find that BC3, derived from the replacement of Si in BSiC2 by another C, is also superconducting with a high T c ∼ 40 K. Our work indicates that these materials form a new family of high- T c BCS-superconductors at ambient pressure.

Piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of Sebacinales, colonizes the roots of a wide range of host plants and establishes various benefits for the plants. In this work, we describe miRNAs which are upregulated in Oncidium orchid roots after colonization by the fungus. Growth promotion and vigorous root development were observed in Oncidium hybrid orchid, while seedlings were colonized by P. indica. We performed a genome-wide expression profiling of small RNAs in Oncidium orchid roots either colonized or not-colonized by P. indica. After sequencing, 24,570,250 and 24744,141 clean reads were obtained from two libraries. 13,736 from 17,036,953 unique sequences showed homology to either 86 miRNA families described in 41 plant species, or to 46 potential novel miRNAs, or to 51 corresponding miRNA precursors. The predicted target genes of these miRNAs are mainly involved in auxin signal perception and transduction, transcription, development and plant defense. The expression analysis of miRNAs and target genes demonstrated the regulatory functions they may participate in. This study revealed that growth stimulation of the Oncidium orchid after colonization by P. indica includes an intricate network of miRNAs and their targets. The symbiotic function of P. indica on Oncidium orchid resembles previous findings on Chinese cabbage. This is the first study on growth regulation and development of Oncidium orchid by miRNAs induced by the symbiotic fungus P. indica.

First-principles calculations are performed to study the electronic properties and the electron-phonon interactions of the layered oxide semiconductor SnO. In addition to the high hole mobility that makes SnO a promising material in electronics, it has recently been reported that the semimetallic phase under pressure is superconducting. The superconducting T c curve exhibits a dome-like feature under pressure and reaches the maximum of 1.4 K at p  = 9.2 GPa. Both its crystal structure and the dome-like T c curve are reminiscent of the Fe-based superconductor FeSe. Motivated by this observation, we investigate the electronic, phonon and their interactions in SnO using first-principles schemes. GW approximation is adopted to correct the underestimated band gaps, including real and continuous band gaps in the semiconducting and semimetallic phases. The phase diagram showing the semiconductor-to-semimetal transition and the T c curve has been successfully reproduced. Detailed analysis of the electron-phonon interactions demonstrate the importance of the out-of-plane motions of O atoms and the Sn- s lone pairs for the superconductivity to occur. Our method combining GW and e-ph calculations can be further extended to the study of other materials that undergo insulator-to-superconductor phase transition.

Background and aims: Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder with rising global prevalence, marked by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue. Interleukin (IL)-23 plays a pivotal role in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis, making it a therapeutic target. Risankizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-23 p19 subunit, has shown potential in clinical trials. Objectives: This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of Risankizumab in achieving clinical remission, clinical response, and endoscopic remission in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data sources and methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing Risankizumab in Crohn’s disease. Primary outcomes were clinical remission, clinical response, and endoscopic remission, with secondary outcomes focusing on treatment-related adverse events. A random-effects model estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression analyzed dose- and duration-dependent effects. Results: Four RCTs involving 1774 participants showed that Risankizumab significantly improved clinical remission (OR = 2.223), clinical response (OR = 2.483), and endoscopic remission (OR = 4.112). Dose-dependent improvements were observed, with treatment duration affecting clinical remission (p = 0.0158) but not clinical response or endoscopic remission. Adverse event rates were comparable between Risankizumab and placebo groups (OR = 0.872, p = 0.592). Conclusion: Risankizumab is effective in achieving clinical and endoscopic outcomes in moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease, demonstrating dose-dependent benefits and a favorable safety profile, supporting its use as a therapeutic option. However, the limited number of studies may affect the robustness of these findings. Further large-scale RCTs are needed to validate its long-term efficacy, safety in elderly populations, and effectiveness in biologic-naïve patients. Trial registration: This systematic review and meta-analysis were registered with the INPLASY database under registration number INPLASY202530014. The full protocol is accessible at DOI: 10.37766/inplasy2025.3.0014. Plain language summary How Risankizumab helps treat Crohn’s disease: a review of clinical trial results Crohn’s disease is a long-term condition that causes inflammation in the digestive system. People with Crohn’s disease often experience symptoms like stomach pain, diarrhea, and tiredness, which can significantly affect their daily lives. Researchers have found that a protein called interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays a key role in this disease. Targeting IL-23 may help control the inflammation. Risankizumab is a medicine designed to block a part of IL-23, and it has been tested in clinical trials to see if it can help people with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. To understand how well it works and whether it is safe, we combined the results of multiple high-quality studies in a process called a metaanalysis. Our analysis included four studies with a total of 1,774 patients. We found that Risankizumab significantly improved three key outcomes: Clinical remission: Fewer or no symptoms of Crohn’s disease. Clinical response: Noticeable improvement in symptoms. Endoscopic remission: Healing of the digestive tract, confirmed by a camera test. Patients who received Risankizumab were more likely to achieve these outcomes compared to those who received a placebo. The benefits were stronger with higher doses of the medication and with longer treatment durations for clinical remission. Importantly, the medicine was found to be safe. The rates of side effects were similar between patients taking Risankizumab and those taking a placebo. In conclusion, Risankizumab is an effective and safe treatment for people with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. It helps reduce symptoms, promotes healing in the digestive tract, and works better at higher doses. This makes it a promising option for managing this challenging condition.

The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has increased the focus on hydrogen's role as a clean and renewable energy source. Hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis offers considerable advantages over traditional methods, such as lower reliance on costly precious metal catalysts and enhanced durability in alkaline environments. This study optimized AEM electrolyzer performance through computational fluid dynamics simulations, analyzing the effects of flow field parameters, diffusion layer properties, and channel geometries. The simulation results reveal that the diffusion layer thickness (1.6–2.44 mm) and porosity (0.2–0.9) substantially affect flow distribution and pressure drop, with a thinner mesh resulting in higher flow velocities near the electrode surface and a lower pressure drop, respectively. A nickel mesh improves flow uniformity but increases pressure drop, requiring a careful balance between efficiency and energy consumption. An optimized parameter combination (diffusion angle = 70°, inlet velocity = 0.3 LPM, and diffusion layer thickness = 1.92 mm) identified through response surface methodology and the genetic algorithm resulted in a 20% performance improvement over the baseline design. This research provides valuable insights into the design of AEM electrolyzers, supporting their development as a cornerstone technology for green hydrogen production.

This study identifies the evolution of tropical vertical cloud regimes (CRs) and their associated heating structures on the intraseasonal time scales. Using the cloud classification retrievals of CloudSat during boreal winter between 2006 and 2017, the CR index is defined as the leading pair of the combined multivariate empirical orthogonal functions of the daily mean frequency of deep, high, and low clouds over the tropical Indian Ocean, Maritime Continents, and the Western Pacific. The principal components of the CR index exhibit robust temporal variance in the 30 to 80 day intraseasonal band. Based on the propagation stages of the CRs, the coherent vertical structures of cloud composition and large-scale moisture and vertical motion exhibit a westward-tilted structure. The associated Q1-QR diabatic heating and cloud radiative forcing are consistent with the key characteristics of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) documented in the previous studies. Lastly, an MJO case study showcases that the presented approach characteristically captures the propagation of moisture, cloud vertical structure, and precipitation activity across spatial and temporal scales. The current results suggest that the CR index can potentially serve as an evaluation metric to cloud-associated processes in the simulated tropical intraseasonal variability in global climate models.