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The dense stroma of desmoplastic tumor limits nanotherapeutic penetration and hampers the antitumor immune response. Here, we report a denaturation-and-penetration strategy and the use of tin monosulfide nanoparticles (SnSNPs) as nano-sonosensitizers that can overcome the stromal barrier for the management of desmoplastic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). SnSNPs possess a narrow bandgap (1.18 eV), allowing for efficient electron (e − )-hole (h + ) pair separation to generate reactive oxygen species under US activation. More importantly, SnSNPs display mild photothermal properties that can in situ denature tumor collagen and facilitate deep penetration into the tumor mass upon near-infrared irradiation. This approach significantly enhances sonodynamic therapy (SDT) by SnSNPs and boosts antitumor immunity. In mouse models of malignant TNBC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the combination of robust SDT and enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration achieves remarkable anti-tumor efficacy. This study presents an innovative approach to enhance SDT and antitumor immunity using the denaturation-and-penetration strategy, offering a potential combined sono-immunotherapy approach for the cancer nanomedicine field. The dense stroma of desmoplastic tumor limits nanotherapeutic penetration and hampers the antitumor immune response. Here the authors use tin monosulfide nanoparticles as nano-sonosensitizers to overcome the stromal barrier in triple negative breast cancer and improve the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy and boost antitumor immunity.

With the rapid development of information technology on the Internet and the establishment of new online media platforms, it has played a great role in the delivery of information and the reception of content. The new media have profoundly influenced people’s lives in terms of the way they communicate, the construction of ideas and the execution of processes. This has not only enriched the ways in which news is disseminated, but has also opened up wider avenues and channels for news reporting. Since 2009, Bilibili has grown into a representative domestic secondary platform which is a high-density group of young internet users. The development and dissemination of social events that cater to the moods and emotions of young people can also serve to moderate cultural tensions to some extent, but, if used poorly, can be counterproductive. It is important to pay attention to the issue of culture, both to prevent pan-entertainment and to achieve cultural identity. In the face of online public opinion, government news media should change their previous negative attitude and adopt new and timely methods of response. The correct way to guide public opinion in hot events is a problem that the news media has to face and urgently needs to solve.

Owing to the reduced defects, low cost, and high efficiency, the additive manufacturing (AM) technique has attracted increasingly attention and has been applied in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in recent years. It was found that AM-processed HEAs possess an optimized microstructure and improved mechanical properties. However, no report has been proposed to review the application of the AM method in preparing bulk HEAs. Hence, it is necessary to introduce AM-processed HEAs in terms of applications, microstructures, mechanical properties, and challenges to provide readers with fundamental understanding. Specifically, we reviewed (1) the application of AM methods in the fabrication of HEAs and (2) the post-heat treatment effect on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. Compared with the casting counterparts, AM-HEAs were found to have a superior yield strength and ductility as a consequence of the fine microstructure formed during the rapid solidification in the fabrication process. The post-treatment, such as high isostatic pressing (HIP), can further enhance their properties by removing the existing fabrication defects and residual stress in the AM-HEAs. Furthermore, the mechanical properties can be tuned by either reducing the pre-heating temperature to hinder the phase partitioning or modifying the composition of the HEA to stabilize the solid-solution phase or ductile intermetallic phase in AM materials. Moreover, the processing parameters, fabrication orientation, and scanning method can be optimized to further improve the mechanical performance of the as-built-HEAs.

Background Triglyceride glucose index(TyG) and a body shape index(ABSI) are both independent predictor of stroke incidence or adverse prognosis but these two indicators seldom were combined to predict. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the combination of TyG and ABSI better predict the incidence of stroke. Methods Based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS), 8,257 people aged 45 years and older without stroke were enrolled and followed up to 9 years. Sociodemographic information, health status, physical examination and blood data were collected retrospectively. Cox regressions were to determine the relationship between different groups and stroke incidence, using receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate the diagnostic value. Meanwhile, subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the prediction performance among different population. Results 672(8.14%) of 8,257 participants had stroke incidence during 9 years. In the adjusted multivariate cox regression model, both TyG and ABSI were still predictors of stroke. The HR of TyG was 1.25(95%CI: 1.06–1.47) and the HR of ABSI was 1.33(95%CI: 1.06–1.68). Restricted cubic spline regression showed the associations between TyG or ABSI and stroke. The combination of TyG and ABSI had the highest diagnostic efficacy(AUC: 0.579, 95%CI: 0.553–0.597), compared to TyG(AUC:0.566, 95%CI: 0.544–0.587) and ABSI(AUC:0.533, 95%CI: 0.524–0.597). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the highest cumulative stroke incidence was among people with high TyG and ABSI(TyG ≥ 8.5742, ABSI ≥ 0.0852; P < 0.0001), which had the highest HR of stroke incidence(HR:1.64, 95%CI:1.2–2.24). Conclusion The combined prediction of TyG and ABSI had higher clinical value and enabled earlier detection of the stroke in the general population, which could be monitored and intervened to reduce the overall burden of stroke.

At present, highway transportation is the main mode of transportation in China, but highway transportation has the problem of high cost, energy consumption and pollution. Although China has put forward the development policy of public transit railway, it still needs some time to achieve this goal. This paper studies the traffic structure from the middle level; combined with empirical analysis, it is concluded that railway transport has a greater impact on national income than road transport; the existing problems and causes of China's transportation structure are analyzed and the optimization policies are put forward.

Background Existing fall risk assessment tools in clinical settings often lack accuracy. Although an increasing number of fall risk prediction models have been developed for hospitalized older patients in recent years, it remains unclear how useful these models are for clinical practice and future research. Objectives To systematically review published studies of fall risk prediction models for hospitalized older adults. Methods A search was performed of the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Embase databases: to retrieve studies of predictive models related to falls in hospitalized older adults from their inception until January 11, 2024. Extraction of data from included studies, including study design, data sources, sample size, predictors, model development and performance, etc. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) checklist. Results A total of 8086 studies were retrieved, and after screening, 13 prediction models from 13 studies were included. Four models were externally validated. Eight models reported discrimination metrics and two models reported calibration metrics. The most common predictors of falls were mobility, fall history, medications, and psychiatric disorders. All studies indicated a high risk of bias, primarily due to inadequate study design and methodological flaws. The AUC values of 8 models ranged from 0.630 to 0.851. Conclusions In the present study, all included studies had a high risk of bias, primarily due to the lack of prospective study design, inappropriate data analysis, and the absence of robust external validation. Future studies should prioritize the use of rigorous methodologies for the external validation of fall risk prediction models in hospitalized older adults. Trial registration The study was registered in the International Database of Prospectively Registered Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42024503718.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic epidemiology of MRSA in China to identify predominant lineages and their associated genomic and phenotypic characteristics. In this study, we conducted whole-genome sequencing on 565 MRSA isolates from 7 provinces and municipalities of China between 2014 and 2020. MRSA isolates were subjected to MLST, spa typing, SCCmec typing, analysis of virulence determinants and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among 565 MRSA isolates tested, clonal complex (CC) 59 (31.2%), CC5 (23.4%) and CC8 (13.63%) were the major lineages, and the clonal structure was dominated by ST59-t437-IV (14.9%), ST239-t030-III (6.4%) and ST5-t2460-II (6.0%), respectively. Of note, CC8, the predominant lineage in 2014-2015, was replaced by CC59 after 2016. Interestingly, the extension and unstable structure of the CC5 population was observed, with ST5-t311-II, ST764-t1084-II, ST5-t2460-II and ST764-t002-II existing complex competition. Further analysis revealed that virulence determinant profiles and antibiograms were closely associated with the clonal lineage. The CC59 MRSA was less resistant to most tested antimicrobials and carried fewer resistance determinants. But rifampicin resistance and mupirocin resistance were closely linked with CC8 and CC5, respectively. MRSA isolates conservatively carried multiple virulence genes involved in various functions. PVL encoding genes were more common in ST338, CC30, CC398, ST8 and CC22, while tsst-1 was associated with ST5. In conclusion, the community-associated CC59-ST59-t437-IV lineage was predominant in China, with diverse clonal isolates alternately circulating in various geographical locations. Our study highlights the need for MRSA surveillance in China to monitor changes in MRSA epidemiology.

Introduction Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) pose a severe global health threat, particularly among middle-aged and elderly populations. Ambient air pollution is a well-recognized environmental risk factor for CCVDs, yet existing studies often focus on single pollutants or outcomes, lacking comprehensive evaluations. This study aimed to systematically explore the associations between multiple air pollutants and three core adverse CCVD outcomes (hypertension, heart disease, stroke) in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Methods and materials Data were integrated from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and the China High-resolution Air Pollutants (CHAP) dataset, including seven major air pollutants (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO₂, CO, O₃) and multi-dimensional covariates (demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, underlying diseases). Two analytical phases were conducted: AQI-related analysis (2015–2020, 20,990 participants) and machine learning analysis (2013–2020, 22,517 participants). Statistical methods included descriptive analysis, univariate linear regression, multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and six machine learning algorithms (XGBoost, Random Forest, etc.) combined with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values. Results City-level univariate linear regression showed significant positive correlations between annual average AQI and the prevalence rates of hypertension (β = 0.0006, P  = 0.0125), heart disease (β = 0.0008, P  = 0.0147), and stroke (β = 0.0005, P  = 0.0248). At the individual level, multivariate logistic regression revealed that each 1-unit increase in AQI was associated with a 3% higher risk of hypertension (OR = 1.003, P  < 0.001), 6% higher risk of heart disease (OR = 1.006, P  < 0.001), and 4% higher risk of stroke (OR = 1.004, P  = 0.0433) after full covariate adjustment. RCS analysis indicated non-linear dose–response relationships, with accelerated risk increases at moderate-to-high AQI levels (≥ 80 for heart disease, ≥ 100 for stroke). Machine learning models exhibited good predictive performance (AUC range: 0.720–0.771), and SHAP value analysis identified NO2 as the most critical pollutant influencing all three outcomes, with significantly higher impact weights than other pollutants. Discussion This study confirms that long-term air pollution exposure is an independent risk factor for hypertension, heart disease, and stroke in middle-aged and elderly individuals. NO2 plays a core role through mechanisms such as disrupting vascular endothelial function, inducing oxidative stress, and triggering inflammatory responses. These findings provide a scientific basis for precise environmental health interventions and CCVD prevention, particularly emphasizing NO2 control. Conclusion This study confirms that air pollution is an independent risk factor for hypertension, heart disease, and stroke in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Crucially, machine learning analysis identified NO₂ as the dominant pollutant, with a greater impact than particulate matter.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor in the digestive tract with limited therapeutic choices. Intercellular communication among cancer cells and their microenvironment is crucial to disease progression. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple types of cells into the extracellular space, which contain a variety of active components of secretory cells, including lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA. This vesicle structure involves in the exchange of materials and information between cells and plays an important role in the development of many diseases. Studies have shown that exosomes participate in the communication between HCC cells and non-HCC cells and regulate the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, exosomes may be specific biomarkers for early diagnosis and metastasis of HCC, which are also potential targets for the treatment of HCC. This review summarizes the characteristic, types and biological functions of exosomes and discusses their research progress and application prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

Nanotechnology has become a groundbreaking innovation force in cancer therapy, offering innovative solutions to the limitations of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. By manipulating materials at the nanoscale, researchers have developed nanocarriers capable of targeted drug delivery, improving therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Nanoparticles like liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanomaterials have shown significant promise in delivering chemotherapeutic agents directly to tumor sites, enhancing drug bioavailability and minimizing damage to healthy tissues. In addition to drug delivery, with the utilization of tools such as quantum dots and nanosensors that enables more precise identification of cancer biomarkers, nanotechnology is also playing a pivotal role in early cancer detection and diagnosis. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategies, including photothermal therapy, gene therapy and immunotherapy are offering novel ways to combat cancer by selectively targeting tumor cells and enhancing the immune response. Nevertheless, despite these progressions, obstacles still persist, particularly in the clinical translation of these technologies. Issues such as nanoparticle toxicity, biocompatibility, and the complexity of regulatory approval hinder the widespread adoption of nanomedicine in oncology. This review discusses different applications of nanotechnology in cancer therapy, highlighting its potential and the hurdles to its clinical implementation. Future research needs to concentrate on addressing these obstacles to unlock the full potential of nanotechnology in providing personalized, effective, and minimally invasive cancer treatments.