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Adolescents in affluent nations have experienced a decline in sleep duration, associated with adverse outcomes such as behavioral issues and health concerns. However, the connection between sleep and mental well-being during adolescence, particularly in developing regions like rural China, remains underexplored. A cross-sectional study of 18,516 adolescents in 124 junior high schools in Ningxia, China, utilized the strengths and difficulties questionnaire to assess mental health. The findings highlighted a complex, nonlinear link between sleep duration and mental health, with a U-shaped trend for overall difficulties and an inverse U-shape for prosocial behavior. The study also explored potential mechanisms behind these relationships, suggesting that time allocation to activities such as screen time and outdoor activities could mediate the effects of sleep duration on mental health. Longer sleep durations could lead to less screen time and more outdoor engagement, both of which positively affect mental well-being. Balanced sleep duration is crucial for adolescent mental health. The study calls for interventions to improve sleep hygiene and mental health services in rural areas, emphasizing the need for policy support to address sleep deprivation and its impact on mental well-being.

With growing recognition of the importance of community engagement in addressing public health challenges, its role in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing infectious diseases has gained attention. However, vaccination coverage remains a significant concern in many developing countries. While previous studies have linked community engagement to positive health outcomes, there is a gap in understanding its influence on individual vaccination choices, particularly in the context of developing countries. Utilizing data from the 2021 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this study examines the impact of community engagement on COVID-19 and flu vaccination uptake among 7281 individuals. Community engagement, measured by community vaccination notifications, serves as the key independent variable. The study employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methods to analyze the relationship between community engagement and vaccination behavior. The analysis reveals a positive association between community engagement and vaccination rates. Specifically, individuals receiving notifications were more likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine compared to non-recipients (vaccination rates: 100% vs. 53.3%), and flu vaccination rates were also significantly higher among those notified (2.7% vs. 1.9%). Mechanism analysis suggests that individuals receiving community notifications are more aware of the benefits of vaccination, leading to higher vaccination rates among this group. This study underscores the effectiveness of community engagement strategies in promoting positive vaccination behavior among individuals in China. By enhancing awareness and trust in immunization, community engagement initiatives play a crucial role in shaping health behaviors and improving vaccination uptake. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating community engagement approaches into public health interventions to address vaccination challenges.

Background This study examines gender differences in early childhood cognitive development in rural China, focusing on the role of sibling structure. While gender disparities have narrowed in recent decades, concerns remain regarding unequal household resource allocation in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in contexts shaped by traditional son preference. Methods Data from 1,320 children aged 3 to 7 years across 11 nationally designated poverty counties in the Qinling Mountain region of western China were analyzed. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV). Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models were employed to investigate the associations between sibling structure and cognitive outcomes by gender. Results A negative association was observed between the number of siblings and cognitive scores, with a substantially larger effect for girls. Gender disparities were also evident across sibling composition and age spacing: girls with older siblings, especially those within a three-year age gap, exhibited lower cognitive scores than boys. With respect to birth order, both boys and girls demonstrated first-born and last-born advantages, though the cognitive benefits were less pronounced for girls. These disparities are likely shaped by resource dilution, reduced parental investment, and lower educational expectations for girls. Conclusions Gender differences in early cognitive development persist in rural western China and appear to be significantly influenced by family structure. Traditional norms may continue to affect intra-household resource allocation, often to the detriment of girls. These findings underscore the need for gender-sensitive policy interventions aimed at promoting equitable early childhood development and supporting long-term human capital accumulation. Trial registration Not applicable. Highlights • Girls face cognitive disadvantages shaped by sibling number, birth order, and gender composition. • Resource dilution and cultural son preference contribute to gender disparities in cognition.

Background Workplace heat exposure can cause a series of heat-related illnesses and injuries. Protecting workers especially those undertake work outdoors from the risk of heat strain is a great challenge for many workplaces in China under the context of climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions and adaptation behaviors of heat exposure among construction workers and to provide evidence for the development of targeted heat adaptation strategies nationally and internationally. Methods In 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey via WeChat Survey Star in China, using a purposive snowball sampling approach. A total of 326 construction workers submitted completed questionnaires. The perceptions of workplace heat exposure were measured using seven indicators: concerns over high temperature, perception of high temperature injury, attitudes towards both heat-related training and regulations, adjustment of working habits during heat, heat prevention measures in the workplace, and reduction of work efficiency. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the factors significantly associated with workers’ heat perceptions and behavioral responses. Results 33.3% of the respondents were moderately or very concerned about heat exposure in the workplace. Less than half of the workers (43.8%) were worried about heat-related injuries. Workers who have either experienced work-related injuries (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.03–1.62) or witnessed injuries to others during high temperatures (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.27) were more concerned about heat exposure compared to other workers. Most respondents (63.5%) stated that their work efficiency declined during extremely hot weather. The factors significantly associated with a reduction of work efficiency included undertaking physically demanding jobs (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.07–1.54) and witnessing other workers’ injuries during high temperatures (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.11–1.43). More than half of the workers were willing to adjust their work habits to adapt to the impact of high temperatures (81.6%). The internet was the most common method to obtain heat prevention information (44.7%), and the most frequently used heat prevention measure was the provision of cool drinking water (64.8%). Conclusions Chinese construction workers lack heat risk awareness and are not well prepared for the likely increasing heat exposure in the workplace due to global warming. Therefore, there is a need to improve their awareness of heat-related injuries, strengthen high temperature related education and training, and update the current heat prevention policies to ensure compliance and implementation.

ObjectivesTo investigate the factors influencing the willingness to pay (WTP) for cataract surgery among patients aged 50 years and older in rural China at both individual and household levels.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThe study was conducted in Gansu, China.ParticipantsPatients aged ≥50 years who were diagnosed with cataracts indicated for surgery and lived rural in Gansu from October to December 2020 were included in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe main study outcome was the patients’ WTP for cataract surgery. The association of individual characteristics, knowledge about cataracts, health status and household characteristics with patients’ WTP was also evaluated based on the collected data using structured questionnaires.ResultsA total of 324 (85.94%) patients in the study reported that they were willing to pay for their cataract surgery. However, only 179 (47.48%) patients were willing to pay over ¥1000 to cover the cost of cataract surgery under the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS). Patients aged 75 years and older were significantly less likely to pay for cataract surgery (p=0.037). Better visual status (p=0.032), self-reported severe poor visual status (p=0.001), higher annual household income (p=0.052) and a higher level of children’s education (p=0.076) were significantly more likely to pay for cataract surgery.ConclusionsThe WTP for cataract surgery in rural China is still insufficient. More than half of patients’ WTP for surgery do not cover the cost of cataract surgery after reimbursement by the NRCMS. Both individual and household characteristics contribute to the low WTP for cataract surgery.

The development of multi-wavelength lasing, particularly with the wavelength tuning in a wide spectral range, is challenging but highly desirable for integrated photonic devices due to its dynamic switching functionality, high spectral purity and contrast. Here, we propose a general strategy, that relies on the simultaneous design on the electronic states and the optical states, to demonstrate dynamically switchable single-mode lasing spanning beyond the record range (300 nm). This is achieved through integrating the reversely designed nanocrystals with two size-mismatched coupled microcavities. We show an experimental validation of a crosstalk-free violet-to-red single-mode behavior through collective control of asymmetric excitation and excitation wavelength. The single-mode action persists for a wide power range, and presents significant enhancement when compared with that in the microdisk laser. These findings enlighten the reverse design of luminescent materials. Given the remarkable doping flexibility, our results may create new opportunities in a variety of frontier applications. Dual-wavelength lasers are gaining importance for photonic applications. In this work the authors demonstrate that by incorporating a lanthanidedoped material into the size-mismatched coupled microcavities, it is possible to achieve laser switch with high uniformity, long-term stability, and an extremely wide spectral range up to 300 nm

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains a lethal malignancy with limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the antitumor efficacy and mechanisms of decursin, a natural pyranocoumarin derivative, against ESCC. In vitro analyses demonstrated that decursin selectively inhibited ESCC cell viability (IC50: 14.62 ± 0.61–26.20 ± 2.11 μM across TE-1, KYSE-30, and KYSE-150 cell lines) without affecting normal esophageal epithelial cells (Het-1A). Decursin (10 μM) suppressed colony formation, impaired wound healing (p < 0.001 at 48 h), and reduced Transwell migration/invasion in KYSE-150 cells. Subcutaneous xenograft models revealed significant tumor growth inhibition (p < 0.01) with decursin treatment (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), accompanied by no systemic toxicity. Mechanistically, decursin induced G0/G1 cell cycle deceleration (p < 0.01) and apoptosis through ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of oncoproteins TP63 and SOX2. Time- and dose-dependent protein suppression was reversed by proteasome inhibitor MG-132, but unaffected by lysosomal inhibition. These findings establish decursin as a promising therapeutic agent for ESCC, functioning via proteasomal degradation of key oncogenic drivers, and provide a rationale for decursin’s further development as a targeted monotherapy or chemosensitizer in multimodal regimens.

Improving thermal transport between substrate and transistors has become a vital solution to the thermal challenge in nanoelectronics. Recently 2D WTe 2 has sparked extensive interest because of heavy atomic mass and low Debye temperature. Here, the thermal transport of supported WTe 2 was studied via Raman thermometry with electrical heating. The supported 30 nm WTe 2 encased with 70 nm Al 2 O 3 delivered 4.8 W·m −1 ·K −1 in-plane thermal conductivity along zigzag direction at room temperature, which was almost 1.6 times larger than that along armchair direction (3.0 W·m −1 ·K −1 ). Interestingly, the superior and inferior directions for thermal transport are just opposite of those for electrical transport. Hence, a heat manipulation model in WTe 2 FET device was proposed. Within the designed configuration, waste heat in WTe 2 would be mostly dissipated to metal contacts located along zigzag, relieving the local temperature discrepancy in the channel effectively and preventing degradation or breakdown. Our study provides new insight into thermal transport of anisotropic 2D materials, which might inspire energy-efficient nanodevices in the future.

The rapid advancement of IoT technology presents transformative opportunities across various sectors, with education being a prominent beneficiary. Smart classrooms, a product of IoT integration, are being widely adopted to create technology-enhanced, student-centric learning environments that cater to students' information literacy needs, particularly during events like pandemics. This widespread adoption generates substantial amounts of educational data, commonly known as big data, necessitating innovative solutions for analysis and utilization. To solve these challenges, this paper proposes utilizing the Apriori algorithm—a data mining technique renowned for uncovering valuable patterns and associations within extensive datasets. This paper evaluates the impact of various information resources with differing quality, considering individuals' information literacy skills. Utilizing data mining techniques, it delves into university students' information literacy data, integrating it with the university library resources to establish a data-driven information literacy education model. It then focuses on criteria, components, and effective methods for instructing college students in information literacy. Finally, a diverse group of students, from first-year undergraduates to doctoral candidates at a specific university, is studied for their engagement in information literacy instruction. Based on the experimental findings, sophomore students exhibited the highest level of participation at 75.9% accuracy, while postgraduate students received more information literacy training than undergraduates and Ph.D. students. When comparing this method to others, such as SVM, KNN, LR, RF, and DT, it achieved superior performance. Additionally, the quality of information literacy training in university libraries was assessed through three dimensions: student learning, behavior, and achievements. Only junior, senior, and first-year graduate students scored above 4, with scores of 4.18, 4.15, and 4.26, respectively.