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The purpose of the paper is to outline the empirical framework of the model of the impact misallocation of human capital on productivity (TFP).Using provincial panel data from 2001 to 2015, this paper studies the effect of the misallocation of human capital on productivity in China. We find that misallocation of human capital reduces China's productivity significantly. Most importantly, we argue that the important channels through which misallocation of human capital affects productivity are industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation and labour productivity. Furthermore, counterfactual experiments show that eliminating the labour mismatch between industries completely could be associated with an increase in productivity of around 41% for the whole sample in China. The results suggest correcting the current imperfections of incentives in non-productive sectors, where encouraging more human capital to work in high-tech enterprises may be a vital measure to stimulate the development of emerging economies.

Antibodies testing in the coronavirus era is frequently promoted, but the underlying statistics behind their validation has come under more scrutiny in recent weeks. We provide calculations, interpretations, and plots of positive and negative predictive values under a variety of scenarios. Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity are estimated within ranges of values from researchers and antibodies manufacturers. Illustrative examples are highlighted, and interactive plots are provided in the Supplementary Information . Implications are discussed for society overall and across diverse locations with different levels of disease burden. Specifically, the proportion of positive serology tests that are false can differ drastically from up to 3%–88% for people from different places with different proportions of infected people in the populations while the false negative rate is typically under 10%.

The gypsum and calcite scaling propensities of the thin-film composite polyamide (PA-TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, modified with a tethered surface layer of polyacrylic acid (PAA) chains, was evaluated and compared to the scaling of selected commercial RO membranes. The tethered PAA layer was synthesized onto a commercial polyamide membrane (i.e., base-PA) via atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization (APPIGP). The PAA nano-structured (SNS) base-PA membrane (SNS-PAA-PA) was scaled to a lesser degree, as quantified by a lower permeate flux decline and surface imaging, relative to the tested commercial membranes (Dow SW30, Toray SWRO, and BWRO). The cleaning of gypsum-scaled membranes with D.I. water flushing achieved 100% water permeability recovery for both the SNS-PAA-PA and Dow SW30 membranes, relative to 92–98% permeability restoration for the Toray membranes. The calcium carbonate scaling of SNS-PAA-PA membranes was also lower relative to the commercial membranes, but permeability recovery after D.I. water cleaning was somewhat lower (94%) but consistent with the level of surface scale coverage. In contrast, the calcite and gypsum-scaled membrane areas of the commercial membranes post-cleaning were significantly higher than for the SNS-PAA-PA membrane but with 100% permeability recovery, suggesting the potential for membrane damage when mineral scaling is severe.

How genomic and transcriptomic alterations affect the functional proteome in lung cancer is not fully understood. Here, we integrate DNA copy number, somatic mutations, RNA-sequencing, and expression proteomics in a cohort of 108 squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) patients. We identify three proteomic subtypes, two of which (Inflamed, Redox) comprise 87% of tumors. The Inflamed subtype is enriched with neutrophils, B-cells, and monocytes and expresses more PD-1 . Redox tumours are enriched for oxidation-reduction and glutathione pathways and harbor more NFE2L2/KEAP1 alterations and copy gain in the 3q2 locus. Proteomic subtypes are not associated with patient survival. However, B-cell-rich tertiary lymph node structures, more common in Inflamed, are associated with better survival. We identify metabolic vulnerabilities ( TP63 , PSAT1 , and TFRC ) in Redox. Our work provides a powerful resource for lung SCC biology and suggests therapeutic opportunities based on redox metabolism and immune cell infiltrates. Squamous cell lung cancer has dismal prognosis due to the dearth of effective treatments. Here, the authors perform an integrated proteogenomic analysis of the disease, revealing three proteomics-based subtypes and suggesting potential therapeutic opportunities.

Background Cluster analysis is utilized frequently in scientific theory and applications to separate data into groups. A key assumption in many clustering algorithms is that the data was generated from a population consisting of multiple distinct clusters. Clusterability testing allows users to question the inherent assumption of latent cluster structure, a theoretical requirement for meaningful results in cluster analysis. Results This paper proposes methods for clusterability testing designed for high-dimensional data by utilizing sparse principal component analysis. Type I error and power of the clusterability tests are evaluated using simulated data with different types of cluster structure in high dimensions. Empirical performance of the new methods is evaluated and compared with prior methods on gene expression, microarray, and shotgun proteomics data. Our methods had reasonably low Type I error and maintained power for many datasets with a variety of structures and dimensions. Cluster structure was not detectable in other datasets with spatially close clusters. Conclusion This is the first analysis of clusterability testing on both simulated and real-world high-dimensional data.

A crucial aspect of the association involving inflammation and the development of cancer is the ability of cancer cells to undergo a transition into mesenchymal cells. The process is referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cytokines and chemokines, which are inflammatory agents found in the carcinoma microenvironment, induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) changes in malignant cells. Evaluating the role of cytokines in EMT in breast carcinoma and investigating their potential therapeutic implications is the objective of this comprehensive research report. The following search criteria were applied to the Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases: “cytokines,” “the cytokines,” “chemokines,” “EMT,” “epithelial-mesenchymal transition or transformation,” “breast tumor,” “breast carcinoma,” and “breast cancer.” A body of research comprising 54 articles has demonstrated that a number of cytokines, including TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-6, contribute to the promotion of EMT alterations in breast tumors. The epithelial markers E-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated as a consequence of morphological changes induced by EMT; conversely, the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin were upregulated. The EMT transforming factors (EMT-TF) TWIST/ZEB/SNAI1/SNAI2 were upregulated. Pharmaceuticals with the capacity to specifically target cytokines or their epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signalling pathways have the potential to significantly reduce treatment resistance, impede the progression of cancer, and prevent the recurrence of breast cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by cytokines is a factor in breast cancer progression and metastasis.

A series of high-entropy pyrochlore ceramics, specifically (La1/3Nd1/3M1/3)2(Zn1/2Sn1/2)2O7 (M = Sm, Eu, Gd, or Dy), have been synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. Their potential as high-temperature thermistors was investigated by analyzing electrical and aging properties at elevated temperatures. Characterization using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy confirms that these ceramics are dense, single-phase solid solutions with a pyrochlore structure. Electrical analysis demonstrate that these ceramics maintain high resistivity and resistance stability, exhibiting typical negative temperature coefficient features and high B values across a wide temperature range. These characteristics make (La1/3Nd1/3M1/3)2(Zn1/2Sn1/2)2O7 promising candidates for the development of high-sensitivity, long-life high-temperature thermistors suitable for applications within the temperature range of 400–1200 °C.

Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is an underappreciated source of mechanical low back pain, affecting between 15 and 30% of individuals with chronic, nonradicular pain. Predisposing factors for SIJ pain include true and apparent leg length discrepancy, older age, inflammatory arthritis, previous spine surgery, pregnancy and trauma. Compared with facet-mediated and discogenic low back pain, individuals with SIJ pain are more likely to report a specific inciting event, and experience unilateral pain below L5. Owing in part to its size and heterogeneity, the pain referral patterns of the SIJ are extremely variable. Although no single physical examination or historical feature can reliably identify a painful SIJ, studies suggest that a battery of three or more provocation tests can predict response to diagnostic blocks. Evidence supports both intra- and extra-articular causes for SIJ pain, with clinical studies demonstrating intermediate-term benefit for both intra- and extra-articular steroid injections. In those who fail to experience sustained relief from SIJ injections, radiofrequency denervation may provide significant relief lasting up to 1 year. This review covers all aspects of SIJ pain, with the treatment section being primarily focused on procedural interventions.

The goal of this study was to explore the impact of psychological resilience on the QOL of cancer patients and the multiple mediating roles of stigma and self-perceived burden. This study utilized a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of 364 cancer patients selected by convenience sampling method between November 2022 and May 2023 in two tertiary hospitals in Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province. All participants volunteered to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form. Data were collected using questionnaires. The questionnaires included the General Information Questionnaire, the Psychological Resilience Scale, the Stigma Scale, the Self-Perceived Burden Scale, and the Quality of Life Questionnaire. SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS 3.5 macros were employed for description statistics and related analyses of the data, as well as multiple mediation effect tests. Psychological resilience directly affects QOL ( β  = 0.929, 95% CI 0.729–1.130) and indirectly through three mediating pathways: stigma ( β  = 0.275, 95% CI 0.154–0.398, 19.76% of total effect), self-perceived burden ( β  = 0.115, 95% CI 0.046–0.205, 8.26% of total effect), and both stigma and self-perceived burden ( β  = 0.073, 95% CI 0.029–0.132, 5.24% of total effect), accounting for 33.26% of the overall mediated effect. Stigma and self-perceived burden act as mediators in influencing psychological resilience and QOL of cancer patients. Enhancing psychological resilience and reducing stigma and self-perceived burden is crucial for improving their QOL.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of Breast cancer (BC), making it the most common cancer among women and a major threat to women’s health. Consequently, there is an urgent need to discover new and effective strategies for treating BC. Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid reactive oxygen species, has emerged as a distinct regulatory pathway separate from necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. It is widely recognized as a crucial factor in the development and progression of cancer, offering a promising avenue for BC treatment. While significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of ferroptosis in BC, drug development is still in its early stages. Numerous compounds, including phytochemicals derived from dietary sources and medicinal plants, as well as synthetic drugs (both clinically approved medications and laboratory reagents), have shown the ability to induce ferroptosis in BC cells, effectively inhibiting tumor growth. This comprehensive review aims to examine in detail the compounds that target ferroptosis in BC and elucidate their potential mechanisms of action. Additionally, the challenges associated with the clinical application of ferroptosis-inducing drugs are discussed, offering valuable insights for the development of novel treatment strategies for BC.