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Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) disease outbreaks in farmed Cyprinid fish, which leads to serious economic losses worldwide. Although oral vaccination is considered the most suitable strategy for preventing infectious diseases in farmed fish, so far there is no commercial oral vaccine available for controlling HVNN in gibel carp ( C. auratus gibelio ). In the present study, we developed for the first time an oral vaccine against CyHV-2 by using yeast cell surface display technology and then investigated the effect of this vaccine in gibel carp. Furthermore, the protective efficacy was evaluated by comparing the immune response of a single vaccination with that of a booster vaccination (booster-vaccinated once 2 weeks after the initial vaccination). Critically, the activities of immune-related enzymes and genes expression in vaccine group, especially in the booster vaccine group, were higher than those in the control group. Moreover, strong innate and adaptive immune responses could be elicited in both mucosal and systemic tissues after receipt of the oral yeast vaccine. To further understand the protective efficacy of this vaccine in gibel carp, we successfully developed the challenge model with CyHV-2. Our results showed the relative percent survival was 66.7% in the booster vaccine group, indicating this oral yeast vaccine is a promising vaccine for controlling CyHV-2 disease in gibel carp aquaculture.

The mucosa of vertebrates is a particularly complex but dynamic environment in which the host constantly interacts with trillions of commensal microorganisms and pathogens. Although the internal and external mucosal microbiomes with immune defense of mammals have been well investigated, the relationship between mucosal microbes and their host’s immune responses has not been systematically understood in the early vertebrates. In this study, we compared the composition and distribution of mucosal microbiota in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), and found that there were significant differences of microbiota between in the internal (gut) and external mucosal (buccal mucosa, gills and skin) tissues. Next, we successfully constructed an infection model with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Specifically, following viral infection, the immune and antiviral related genes showed different up-regulation in all selected mucosal tissues while significant morphological changes were only found in external tissues including buccal mucosa, gills and skin. Using 16S rRNA gene sequence, we revealed that the abundance of Proteobacteria in mucosal tissues including buccal mucosa, gills and gut showed increased trend after viral infection, whereas the abundance of Fusobacteria significantly decreased in gut. In addition, the loss of dominant commensal microorganisms and increased colonization of opportunistic bacteria were discovered in the mucosal surfaces indicating that a secondary bacterial infection might occur in these mucosal tissues after viral infection. Overall, our results firstly point out the distribution of internal and external mucosal microbiota and analyze the changes of mucosal microbiota in common carp after SVCV infection, which may indicated that the potential role of mucosal microbiota in the antiviral process in early vertebrates.

The buccal mucosa (BM) of vertebrates is a critical mucosal barrier constantly exposed to rich and diverse pathogens from air, water, and food. While mammals are known to contain a mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the buccal cavity which induces B-cells and immunoglobulins (Igs) responses against bacterial pathogens, however, very little is known about the evolutionary roles of buccal MALT in immune defense. Here we developed a bath infection model that rainbow trout experimentally exposed to ( ), which is well known as a mucosal pathogen. Using this model, we provided the first evidence for the process of bacterial invasion in the fish BM. Moreover, strong pathogen-specific IgT responses and accumulation of IgT B-cells were induced in the buccal mucus and BM of infected trout with . In contrast, specific IgM responses were for the most part detected in the fish serum. More specifically, we showed that the local proliferation of IgT B-cells and production of pathogen-specific IgT within the BM upon bacterial infection. Overall, our findings represent the first demonstration that IgT is the main Ig isotype specialized for buccal immune responses against bacterial infection in a non-tetrapod species.

The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), known as CD54, is a transmembrane cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with two integrins (i.e., LFA-1 and Mac-l) important for trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes. The level of ICAM-1 expression is upregulated in response to some inflammatory stimulations, including pathogen infection and proinflammatory cytokines. Yet, to date, our knowledge regarding the functional role of ICAM-1 in teleost fish remains largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized the sequence of ICAM-1 in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) for the first time, which exhibited that the molecular features of ICAM-1 in fishes were relatively conserved compared with human ICAM-1. The transcriptional level of ICAM-1 was detected in 12 different tissues, and we found high expression of this gene in the head kidney, spleen, gills, skin, nose, and pharynx. Moreover, upon stimulation with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), Flavobacterium columnare G 4 ( F. columnare ), and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) in rainbow trout, the morphological changes were observed in the skin and gills, and enhanced expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected both in the systemic and mucosal tissues. These results indicate that ICAM-1 may be implicated in the mucosal immune responses to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections in teleost fish, meaning that ICAM-1 emerges as a master regulator of mucosal immune responses against pathogen infections in teleost fish.

With the fast development of the armored equipment, the new thermal imaging devices are more and more complex, but the army guaranteeing personnel is lack of the basic training means, which can not provide the technical guarantee for the new thermal imaging equipment effectively and timely. To solve the difficult problem on maintenance training on the thermal image system, semi-physical simulation system for the thermal system is used in maintenance training instead of the real equipment to improve the support capability to the thermal equipment. The fast algorithm about the main functions of the thermal image system is researched in this paper, which established the foundation of the simulation of the thermal image system. The principle of focusing、the view switch and image adjustment function in thermal imaging system are researched in this paper, which is the foundation of how to simulate the thermal imaging system.

The occurrence of rice high-temperature damage （HTD） has increased with global warming. Cultivation of rice is seriously af- fected by the HTD in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which directly affects food security in this region and in the whole of China. It is important to monitor and assess crop HTD using satellite remote sensing information. This paper reviews the recent development of monitoring rice HTD using optical remote sensing information. It includes the use of optical remote sensing information to obtain the regional spatial distribution of high temperatures, mixed-surface temperature retrieval for rice fields based on mixed decomposition information, the development of field and thermal infrared testing and modeling, and the satellite/ground-based remote sensing coupled method for monitoring rice HTD. Finally, the prospects for monitoring crop HTD based on remote sensing information are summarized.

Aiming at the problem of maintenance and it is difficult to find the fault caused by optical parts fretting. By means of mathematical tools to express optical parts imaging laws. With the computer simulation technology, combining with optical fretting theory and practical problems, producting a set of simulation software and showing the influence of optical parts fretting. The results show that the fretting of optical elements influence the imaging effect and firing accuracy. For the maintenance training of universal and serialized sighting telescope, the simulation research provides technical means.

Injury severity, operative technique and nerve regeneration are important factors to consider when constructing a model of peripheral nerve injury. Here, we present a novel peripheral nerve injury model and compare it with the complete sciatic nerve transection method. In the experimental group, under a microscope, a 3-mm longitudinal incision was made in the epineurium of the sciatic nerve to reveal the nerve fibers, which were then transected. The small, longitudinal incision in the epineurium was then sutured closed, requiring no stump anastomosis. In the control group, the sciatic nerve was completely transected, and the epineurium was repaired by anastomosis. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, Wallerian degeneration was observed in both groups. In the experimental group, at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, distinct medullary nerve fibers and axons were observed in the injured sciatic nerve. Regular, dense myelin sheaths were visible, as well as some scarring. By 12 weeks, the myelin sheaths were normal and intact, and a tight lamellar structure was observed. Functionally, limb movement and nerve conduction recovered in the injured region between 4 and 12 weeks. The present results demonstrate that longitudinal epineural incision with nerve transection can stably replicate a model of Sunderland grade IV peripheral nerve injury. Compared with the complete sciatic nerve transection model, our method reduced the difficulties of micromanipulation and surgery time, and resulted in good stump restoration, nerve regeneration, and functional recovery.

Aim： To investigate the anti-epileptic effects of deep brain stimulation targeting the external globus palladium （GPe） in rats. Methods： For inducing amygdala kindling and deep brain stimulation, bipolar stainless-steel electrodes were implanted in SD rats into right basolateral amygdala and right GPe, respectively. The effects of deep brain stimulation were evaluated in the amygdala kindling model, maximal electroshock model （MES） and pentylenetetrazole （PTZ） model. Moreover, the background EEGs in the amygdala and GPe were recorded. Results： Low-frequency stimulation （0.1 ms, 1 Hz, 15 min） at the GPe slowed the progression of seizure stages and shortened the after-discharge duration （ADD） during kindling acquisition. Furthermore, low-frequency stimulation significantly decreased the incidence of generalized seizures, suppressed the average stage, and shortened the cumulative ADD and generalized seizure duration in fully kindled rats. in addition, low-frequency stimulation significantly suppressed the average stage of MES-induced seizures and increased the latency to generalized seizures in the PTZ model. High-frequency stimulation （0.1 ms, 130 Hz, 5 min） at the GPe had no anti-epileptic effect and even aggravated epileptogenesis induced by amygdala kindling. EEG analysis showed that low-frequency stimulation at the GPe reversed the increase in delta power, whereas high-frequency stimulation at the GPe had no such effect. Conclusion： Low-frequency stimulation, but not high-frequency stimulation, at the GPe exerts therapeutic effect on temporal lobe epilepsy and tonic-colonic generalized seizures, which may be due to interference with delta rhythms. The results suggest that modulation of GPe activity using low-frequency stimulation or drugs may be a promising epilepsy treatment.

Aim： To investigate the immunosuppressive effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 （1,25-（OH）2VD3） on concanavalin A （ConA）-induced hepatitis and elucidate the action mechanism. Methods： Female BALB/C mice were intravenously administered ConA （20 mg/kg） to induce acute immunological liver injury. Liver damage was evaluated in respect to serum alanine transaminase （ALT） level and liver histological changes. The proliferation of splenocytes was measured by using [^3H]-thymidine incorporation. The cytokine level in the cultured splenocyte supernatant was determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISAs）. The percentage of different splenic T cell subtypes was analyzed by using flow cytometry. The expression of splenic vitamin D receptor （VDR） mRNA and protein was detected by using real-time qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results： 1,25-（OH）2VD3 （2.5 pg/kg, ip） significantly decreased the serum ALT levels and markedly attenuated the histological liver damage. The beneficial effect of 1,25-（OH）2VD3 was associated with： （i） inhibition of CD4^＋ T cell activation; （ii） reduction of interferon-y （IFN- Y） and elevation of both 1L-4 and IL-5 in supernatants of cultured splenocytes; and （iii） elimination of activated T cells by increasing VDR mRNA and protein expression in the spleen. Conclusion： 1,25-（OH）2VD3 had a significant protective effect against ConA-induced hepatitis, and its mechanism of action was associated with down-regulation of T cell-mediated immunity and up-regulation of VDR gene expression.