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Image classification, as an essential task within the realm of computer vision, has evolved from traditional machine learning methods to deep learning techniques. This paper systematically reviews the growth of image classification technology, beginning with the introduction of commonly used datasets such as CIFAR-10, ImageNet, and MNIST, and exploring their impact on algorithm development. Subsequently, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of image classification methods based on machine learning, including traditional algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and Decision Tree. These methods achieve image classification through two stages: feature extraction and classification, but they encounter limitations when confronted with large-scale datasets and complicated tasks. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have gradually replaced traditional methods in image classification due to the rise of deep learning, resulting in improved accuracy and robustness. The paper also focuses on discussing classic deep learning models such as AlexNet, VGGNet, ResNet and ViT, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. By comparing the performance of different methods, this paper aims to provide references for researchers in the realm of image classification, promoting further development in this area.

HighlightsNi-MXene/MF foam is synthesized via an electrostatic assembly and dip-coating process.The “micro-capacitor” structure of Ni/MXene and the 3D porous structure of MF endow the foam excellent impedance matching and wave absorption performance.The excellent heat insulation, infrared stealth, and flame-retardant performances are achieved.The development of multifunctional and efficient electromagnetic wave absorbing materials is a challenging research hotspot. Here, the magnetized Ni flower/MXene hybrids are successfully assembled on the surface of melamine foam (MF) through electrostatic self-assembly and dip-coating adsorption process, realizing the integration of microwave absorption, infrared stealth, and flame retardant. Remarkably, the Ni/MXene-MF achieves a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of − 62.7 dB with a corresponding effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.24 GHz at 2 mm and an EAB of 6.88 GHz at 1.8 mm. Strong electromagnetic wave absorption is attributed to the three-dimensional magnetic/conductive networks, which provided excellent impedance matching, dielectric loss, magnetic loss, interface polarization, and multiple attenuations. In addition, the Ni/MXene-MF endows low density, excellent heat insulation, infrared stealth, and flame-retardant functions. This work provided a new development strategy for the design of multifunctional and efficient electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.

Micro/nanoparticles have emerged as pivotal agents in enhancing oil recovery (EOR), offering novel approaches to optimize the extraction processes in complex reservoirs. This review comprehensively examines the utilization of these particles, focusing on their unique material and structural characteristics that facilitate significant modifications in flow dynamics within porous media. These particles effectively reduce interfacial tension, modify wettability, and improve sweep efficiency, thereby enhancing oil recovery efficacy. Through a synthesis of current research spanning field-scale experiments, core flood studies, and micro-model investigations, this paper highlights the integration of micro/nanoparticles in practical EOR applications. Despite their proven potential, challenges such as scalability, environmental concerns, and economic feasibility persist, requiring ongoing advancements in particle engineering and simulation technologies. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the current landscape and future prospects of micro/nanoparticles in EOR, underlining the need for innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome existing hurdles and fully exploit these technologies in the oil and gas industry.

The 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide scaffold is frequently found in a variety of bioactive compounds, displaying a broad spectrum of properties, such as antibacterial and antitumor effects. In this study, we developed a new method for synthesizing 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide derivatives from 2-aryloxybenzamide via a PhIO-mediated oxidation reaction. The optimal reaction conditions were established as follows: TFA was used as the solvent, PhIO served as the oxidant with a substrate-to-oxidant ratio of 1:2, and the reaction was conducted at room temperature. This method, characterized by mild reaction conditions, broad applicability, and a metal-free nature, considerably improves the accessibility of 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide derivatives, which have been challenging to prepare using previously reported methods.

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a severe complication occurring in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Stress hyperglycemia is frequent in patients with acute illness such as stroke. We aimed to explore the association between stress hyperglycemia and HT in AIS patients. A total of 287 consecutive participants with HT and 285 age- and sex-matched stroke patients without HT were enrolled in this study. Baseline glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were collected to measure stress hyperglycemia. The stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) was calculated by dividing the fasting plasma glucose at admission with HbA1c. HT was diagnosed by follow-up imaging assessment, and was radiologically classified as hemorrhagic infarction type (HI) 1 or 2 or parenchymal hematoma type (PH) 1 or 2. Univariate analysis showed that SHR is significantly higher among patients with HT than those without HT. Compared to the patients in the lower three quartiles of SHR, the incidence of HT was significantly higher among patients with the highest quartile of SHR in total population, diabetic and non-diabetic population. We also observed that patients with the highest SHR quartile were associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation after adjusted for potential covariates (68.4% versus 39.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.320; 95% confidence interval, 1.207-4.459; =0.012). The stress hyperglycemia ratio, representing the state of stress hyperglycemia, was significantly associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Hydrogels typically deteriorate under high-salinity conditions because electrostatic screening and reduced polymer-solvent affinity suppress swelling and weaken load-bearing network connectivity. Here, we report a double-network hydrogel that strengthens while swelling in brine. Compared with its behavior in water, the network undergoes an ion-triggered topological reconfiguration upon salt exposure. The intrachain zwitterionic ion pairs open and reform as inter-network SBVI + -AMPS − bridges, increasing effective bridge density at lower polymer fraction. The hydrogel exhibits 1.63-fold tensile strength and 1.21-fold swelling ratio in 200 g/L NaCl compared to deionized water. SAXS and XPS confirm salt-induced structural homogenization and charge redistribution. Density functional theory calculations support strengthened ionic association under saline conditions between SBVI and AMPS. Free energy analysis reveals that reduced loop fraction and increased connectivity enable associative stabilization to compensate for elastic swelling penalties. Core-flooding demonstrates robust injectability in high-salinity porous rock. This mechanism provides design rules for salt-adaptive hydrogels. Hydrogels have potential for applications in a range of environments, but tend to be unstable in high-saline conditions. Here, the authors report the development of a double-network hydrogel that strengthens with swelling in brine, due to the behavior of zwitterionic ion pairs.

Engineering the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that forms on the electrode is crucial for achieving high performance in metal‐ion batteries. However, the mechanism of SEI formation resulting from electrolyte decomposition is not fully understood at the molecular scale. Herein, a new strategy of switching electrolyte to tune SEI properties is presented, by which a unique and thinner SEI can be pre‐formed on the graphite electrode first in an ether‐based electrolyte, and then the as‐designed graphite electrode can demonstrate extremely high‐rate capabilities in a carbonate‐based electrolyte, enabling the design of fast‐charging and wide‐temperature lithium‐ion batteries (e.g., graphite | LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622)). A molecular interfacial model involving the conformations and electrochemical stabilities of the Li+‐solvent‐anion complex is presented to elucidate the differences in SEI formation between ether‐based and carbonate‐based electrolytes, then interpreting the reason for the obtained higher rate performances. This innovative concept combines the advantages of different electrolytes into one battery system. It is believed that the switching strategy and understanding of the SEI formation mechanism opens a new avenue to design SEI, which is universal for pursuing more versatile battery systems with greater stability. A new concept of switching electrolyte interfacial model is presented to tune the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) properties, by which a specific thinner SEI is pre‐formed on graphite electrode in ether‐based electrolyte first and then such SEI coated electrode (i.e., graphite@SEI) can be applied in the commercial carbonate‐based electrolyte to achieve a fast‐charging and wide‐temperature lithium‐ion battery.

Previous studies showed the difficulty during polymer flooding and the low producing degree for the low permeability layer. To solve the problem, Daqing, the first oil company, puts forward the polymer-separate-layer-injection-technology which separates mass and pressure in a single pipe. This technology mainly increases the control range of injection pressure of fluid by using the annular de-pressure tool, and reasonably distributes the molecular weight of the polymer injected into the thin and poor layers through the shearing of the different-medium-injection-tools. This occurs, in order to take advantage of the shearing thinning property of polymer solution and avoid the energy loss caused by the turbulent flow of polymer solution due to excessive injection rate in different injection tools. Combining rheological property of polymer and local perturbation theory, a rheological model of polymer solution in different-medium-injection-tools is derived and the maximum injection velocity is determined. The ranges of polymer viscosity in different injection tools are mainly determined by the structures of the different injection tools. However, the value of polymer viscosity is mainly determined by the concentration of polymer solution. So, the relation between the molecular weight of polymer and the permeability of layers should be firstly determined, and then the structural parameter combination of the different-medium-injection-tool should be optimized. The results of the study are important for regulating polymer injection parameters in the oilfield which enhances the oil recovery with reduced the cost.

This study investigates the performance of alkali-activated mortar incorporating slag, fly ash, and desert sand, with a focus on flowability, mechanical properties, sulfate resistance, and microstructural characteristics. A four-factor, three-level orthogonal experimental design was used to analyze the effects of the fly ash substitution rate, alkali content (Na2O/b), activator modulus, and desert sand replacement rate for natural sand. The results indicate that increased slag and desert sand contents reduce mortar flowability. Despite this, the mortar exhibits excellent mechanical strength, with compressive strength reaching 77.7 MPa at 28 days and increasing to 89.34 MPa under sulfate exposure. However, after 120 days of sulfate erosion, a decline in strength is observed due to the formation of expansive products such as gypsum and caliche, leading to cracking. Microstructural analyses (XRD, SEM/EDS, MIP) reveal partial dissolution of desert sand under alkali activation, enhancing gel formation and reducing cumulative porosity. The pore structure predominantly consists of harmless pores. These findings demonstrate the potential of slag–fly ash–desert sand alkali-activated mortar as a durable and sustainable material for structural and construction engineering applications, especially in sulfate-rich environments or arid regions where desert sand is abundant.