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"Cheng, L."
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Machine landscapes : architectures of the post-anthropocene
The most significant architectural spaces in the world are now entirely empty of people. The data centres, telecommunications networks, distribution warehouses, unmanned ports and industrialised agriculture that define the very nature of who we are today are at the same time places we can never visit. Instead they are occupied by server stacks and hard drives, logistics bots and mobile shelving units, autonomous cranes and container ships, robot vacuum cleaners and internet-connected toasters, driverless tractors and taxis. This issue is an atlas of sites, architectures and infrastructures that are not built for us, but whose form, materiality and purpose is configured to anticipate the patterns of machine vision and habitation rather than our own. We are said to be living in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, in which humans are the dominant force shaping the planet. This collection of spaces, however, more accurately constitutes an era of the Post-Anthropocene, a period where it is technology and artificial intelligence that now computes, conditions and constructs our world. Marking the end of human-centered design, the issue turns its attention to the new typologies of the post-human, architecture without people and our endless expanse of machine landscapes.
Book
Team creativity/innovation in culturally diverse teams
This meta-analysis investigates the direction and strength of the relationship between diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation. We distinguish the effects of two diversity levels (i.e., surface level vs. deep level) in culturally diverse teams and examine the moderators suggested by the socio-technical systems framework (i.e., team virtuality and task characteristics in terms of task interdependence, complexity, and intellectiveness). Surface-level diversity in culturally diverse teams is not related to team creativity/innovation, whereas deep-level diversity in culturally diverse teams is positively related to team creativity/innovation. Moreover, surfacelevel diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation are negatively related for simple tasks but unrelated for complex tasks. Deep-level diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation is positively related for collocated teams and interdependent tasks but unrelated for noncollocated teams and independent tasks. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications.
Journal Article
Asymmetric Sea Surface Salinity Response to Global Warming: “Fresh Gets Fresher but Salty Hesitates”
Efforts to detect long‐term changes in global mean evaporation minus precipitation over the ocean remain ambiguous. Here we define an ad hoc sea surface salinity index to assess the observed and simulated intensification of the freshwater flux pattern over the global ocean and, thus, of the overall water cycle. A recent salinity reconstruction shows a long‐term amplification of the climatological patterns, thereby supporting the popular “fresh gets fresher, salty gets saltier” paradigm. Unlike in a previous study, no systematic underestimation of this amplification is found in the latest generation of global climate models. Yet, the “fresh gets fresher” paradigm is much more robust than its “salty gets saltier” counterpart and the proposed salinity index does not yet provide a strong constraint on the model‐dependent projected intensification of the global water cycle intensification along the 21st century. Plain Language Summary Recent changes in continental mean precipitation and evaporation remain poorly observed and thus poorly constrained in both atmospheric reanalyzes and global climate models. Here we propose a new index based on global sea surface salinity contrasts as a surrogate of changes in metric of the water cycle intensity. Overall, both observed and simulated indices support the “fresh gets fresher, salty gets saltier” paradigm, widely used to depict the overall intensification of the water cycle. Unlike in a previous study, no systematic underestimation of the observed amplification in salinity patterns is found in the latest generation of global climate models. The “salty gets saltier” response is however less robust than the “fresh gets fresher” and the proposed salinity index is not yet very useful to constrain the future intensity of the global water cycle. Key Points Both observations and climate models evidence an amplification of the global ocean climatological contrasts in sea surface salinity (SSS) Yet, the “fresh gets fresher” paradigm is more robust than its salty counterpart, which is more sensitive to the ocean domain's definition Global SSS observations do not yet provide a strong constraint on the projected intensification of the global water cycle
Journal Article
Reconstruction of enhancer–target networks in 935 samples of human primary cells, tissues and cell lines
Kevin Yip and colleagues report a method for determining the target genes of enhancers in specific cells and tissues by combining global trends across many samples with sample-specific information, and considering the joint effect of multiple enhancers. They apply their method to reconstruct enhancer–target networks in 935 samples of human primary cells, tissues and cell lines.
We propose a new method for determining the target genes of transcriptional enhancers in specific cells and tissues. It combines global trends across many samples and sample-specific information, and considers the joint effect of multiple enhancers. Our method outperforms existing methods when predicting the target genes of enhancers in unseen samples, as evaluated by independent experimental data. Requiring few types of input data, we are able to apply our method to reconstruct the enhancer–target networks in 935 samples of human primary cells, tissues and cell lines, which constitute by far the largest set of enhancer–target networks. The similarity of these networks from different samples closely follows their cell and tissue lineages. We discover three major co-regulation modes of enhancers and find defense-related genes often simultaneously regulated by multiple enhancers bound by different transcription factors. We also identify differentially methylated enhancers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and experimentally confirm their altered regulation of HCC-related genes.
Journal Article
Third order optical nonlinearity of graphene
We perform a perturbative calculation of the third order optical conductivities of doped graphene, using approximations valid around the Dirac points and neglecting effects due to scattering and electron-electron interactions. In this limit analytic formulas can be constructed for the conductivities. We discuss in detail the results for third harmonic generation, the Kerr effect and two-photon carrier injection, parametric frequency conversion, and two-color coherent current injection. We find a complicated dependence on the chemical potential and photon energies. The linear dispersion causes resonances over a wide range of photon energies, and it is possible to obtain large optical nonlinearities by tuning the chemical potential.
Journal Article
Electric vehicle battery chemistry affects supply chain disruption vulnerabilities
We examine the relationship between electric vehicle battery chemistry and supply chain disruption vulnerability for four critical minerals: lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. We compare the nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode chemistries by (1) mapping the supply chains for these four materials, (2) calculating a vulnerability index for each cathode chemistry for various focal countries and (3) using network flow optimization to bound uncertainties. World supply is currently vulnerable to disruptions in China for both chemistries: 80% [71% to 100%] of NMC cathodes and 92% [90% to 93%] of LFP cathodes include minerals that pass through China. NMC has additional risks due to concentrations of nickel, cobalt, and manganese in other countries. The combined vulnerability of multiple supply chain stages is substantially larger than at individual steps alone. Our results suggest that reducing risk requires addressing vulnerabilities across the entire battery supply chain.
Electric vehicle battery supply chains are currently vulnerable to supply disruptions in China, but research shows that the cumulative effect of multiple supply chain steps creates additional vulnerabilities across multiple critical battery minerals.
Journal Article
In situ formation of highly conducting covalent Au–C contacts for single-molecule junctions
Charge transport across metal–molecule interfaces has an important role in organic electronics
1
. Typically, chemical link groups such as thiols
2
or amines
3
are used to bind organic molecules to metal electrodes in single-molecule circuits, with these groups controlling both the physical structure and the electronic coupling at the interface. Direct metal–carbon coupling has been shown through C60, benzene and π-stacked benzene
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
, but ideally the carbon backbone of the molecule should be covalently bonded to the electrode without intervening link groups. Here, we demonstrate a method to create junctions with such contacts. Trimethyl tin (SnMe
3
)-terminated polymethylene chains are used to form single-molecule junctions with a break-junction technique
2
,
3
. Gold atoms at the electrode displace the SnMe
3
linkers, leading to the formation of direct Au–C bonded single-molecule junctions with a conductance that is ∼100 times larger than analogous alkanes with most other terminations. The conductance of these Au–C bonded alkanes decreases exponentially with molecular length, with a decay constant of 0.97 per methylene, consistent with a non-resonant transport mechanism. Control experiments and
ab initio
calculations show that high conductances are achieved because a covalent Au–C sigma (σ) bond is formed. This offers a new method for making reproducible and highly conducting metal–organic contacts.
It is possible to form covalent bonds between the gold atoms in an electrode and the carbon atoms in the backbone of a conducting molecule to create highly conducting contacts.
Journal Article
Life Course Approaches to the Causes of Health Disparities
Reducing health disparities requires an understanding of the mechanisms that generate disparities. Life course approaches to health disparities leverage theories that explain how socially patterned physical, environmental, and socioeconomic exposures at different stages of human development shape health within and across generations and can therefore offer substantial insight into the etiology of health disparities. Life course approaches are informed by developmental and structural perspectives. Developmental perspectives emphasize how socially patterned exposures to risk factors during sensitive life stages shift health trajectories, whereas structural perspectives emphasize how social identity and position within socially patterned environments disproportionately allocate risk factors and resources, resulting in altered health trajectories. We conclude that the science of health disparities will be advanced by integrating life course approaches into etiologic and intervention research on health disparities. The following 4 strategies are offered to guide in this process: (1) advance the understanding of multiple exposures and their interactions, (2) integrate life course approaches into the understanding of biological mechanisms, (3) explore transgenerational transmission of health disparities, and (4) integrate life course approaches into health disparities interventions.
Journal Article
Gastric cancer: genome damaged by bugs
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The role of the microorganisms in gastric tumorigenesis attracts much attention in recent years. These microorganisms include bacteria, virus, and fungi. Among them, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is by far the most important risk factor for GC development, with special reference to the early-onset cases. H. pylori targets multiple cellular components by utilizing various virulence factors to modulate the host proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and inflammatory response. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) serves as another major risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis. The virus protein, EBER noncoding RNA, and EBV miRNAs contribute to the tumorigenesis by modulating host genome methylation and gene expression. In this review, we summarized the related reports about the colonized microorganism in the stomach and discussed their specific roles in gastric tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, we highlighted the therapeutic significance of eradicating the microorganisms in GC treatment.
Journal Article
ER-residential Nogo-B accelerates NAFLD-associated HCC mediated by metabolic reprogramming of oxLDL lipophagy
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome that elevates the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although alteration of lipid metabolism has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer cells, the deregulated metabolic modulation of HCC cells in the NAFLD progression remains obscure. Here, we discovers an endoplasmic reticulum-residential protein, Nogo-B, as a highly expressed metabolic modulator in both murine and human NAFLD-associated HCCs, which accelerates high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-induced metabolic dysfunction and tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, CD36-mediated oxLDL uptake triggers CEBPβ expression to directly upregulate Nogo-B, which interacts with ATG5 to promote lipophagy leading to lysophosphatidic acid-enhanced YAP oncogenic activity. This CD36-Nogo-B-YAP pathway consequently reprograms oxLDL metabolism and induces carcinogenetic signaling for NAFLD-associated HCCs. Targeting the Nogo-B pathway may represent a therapeutic strategy for HCC arising from the metabolic syndrome.
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associates with an elevated risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, the authors find that Nogo-B, an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein, is upregulated by lipid uptake and acts as an oncogene in NAFLD-associated HCC by promoting lipid droplet breakdown by lipophagy and triggering Hippo pathway dysregulation
Journal Article