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Background The spatial context of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) is important in predicting colorectal cancer (CRC) patients’ clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic value of the TIIC spatial distribution is unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between TIICs in situ and patient prognosis in a large CRC sample. Methods We implemented multiplex immunohistochemistry staining technology in 190 CRC samples to quantify 14 TIIC subgroups in situ. To delineate the spatial relationship of TIICs to tumor cells, tissue slides were segmented into tumor cell and microenvironment compartments based on image recognition technology, and the distance between immune and tumor cells was calculated by implementing the computational pipeline phenoptr. Results MPO + neutrophils and CD68 + IDO1 + tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were enriched in the epithelial compartment, and myeloid lineage cells were located nearest to tumor cells. Except for CD68 + CD163 + TAMs, other cells were all positively associated with favorable prognosis. The prognostic predictive power of TIICs was highly related to their distance to tumor cells. Unsupervised clustering analysis divided colorectal cancer into three subtypes with distinct prognostic outcomes, and correlation analysis revealed the synergy among B cells, CD68 + IDO1 + TAMs, and T lineage cells in producing an effective immune response. Conclusions Our study suggests that the integration of spatial localization with TIIC abundance is important for comprehensive prognostic assessment.

The near-expired food (NEF) is a significant opportunity to reduce food waste, while consumers often associate NEF with safety issues, which results in a large amount of safe and healthy food being wasted globally. This research focuses on food date labelling (FDL) and explores how consumers' label cognition impacts their willingness to purchase NEF. Using a random sampling method online, we obtain 2 113 valid samples from China and conduct an information intervention 'quasi-natural experiment' to obtain participants' FDL cognition and willingness to purchase the near-expired milk (NEM) before and after the intervention and evaluate the impact of the intervention through the differences-in-differences model. The results show that consumers' initial purchase willingness for NEM is low, and their FDL cognition has a positive effect, especially in Eastern China and higher education consumers. Information intervention increases consumers' willingness to purchase NEM by changing their label cognition, and the intervention has a more pronounced impact among older, male, and higher education consumers. Considering the pressure on resources and the environment caused by food waste has become an impediment to sustainable development, the findings expand the application of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (K-A-P) theory in the NEF field and clearly reveal the important role of eliminating consumer prejudice of FDL in reducing food waste to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 'Halve food waste.'

Multiple synchronous lung cancers (MSLCs) present a clinical dilemma as to whether individual tumours represent intrapulmonary metastases or independent tumours. In this study we analyse genomic profiles of 15 lung adenocarcinomas and one regional lymph node metastasis from 6 patients with MSLC. All 15 lung tumours demonstrate distinct genomic profiles, suggesting all are independent primary tumours, which are consistent with comprehensive histopathological assessment in 5 of the 6 patients. Lung tumours of the same individuals are no more similar to each other than are lung adenocarcinomas of different patients from TCGA cohort matched for tumour size and smoking status. Several known cancer-associated genes have different mutations in different tumours from the same patients. These findings suggest that in the context of identical constitutional genetic background and environmental exposure, different lung cancers in the same individual may have distinct genomic profiles and can be driven by distinct molecular events. Some patients present with multiple lung tumours but it is unclear whether these are metastases or individual lesions. Here, the authors use genomics techniques to demonstrate in six patients that multiple tumours have individual genetic profiles and represent separate tumours.

Background Single-cell transcription data provided unprecedented molecular information, enabling us to directly encode the ecosystem of colorectal cancer (CRC). Characterization of the diversity of epithelial cells and how they cooperate with tumor microenvironment cells (TME) to endow CRC with aggressive characteristics at single-cell resolution is critical for the understanding of tumor progression mechanism. Methods In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the single-cell transcription data, bulk-RNA sequencing data and pathological tissue data. In detail, cellular heterogeneity of TME and epithelial cells were analyzed by unsupervised classification and consensus nonnegative matrix factorization analysis, respectively. Functional status of epithelial clusters was annotated by CancerSEA and its crosstalk with TME cells was investigated using CellPhoneDB and correlation analysis. Findings from single-cell transcription data were further validated in bulk-RNA sequencing data and pathological tissue data. Results A distinct cellular composition was observed between tumor and normal tissues, and tumors exhibited immunosuppressive phenotypes. Regarding epithelial cells, we identified one highly invasiveQuery cluster, C4, that correlated closely with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Further analysis emphasized the TAMs subclass TAM1 and CAFs subclass S5 are closely related with C4. Conclusions In summary, our study elaborates on the cellular heterogeneity of CRC, revealing that TAMs and CAFs were critical for crosstalk network epithelial cells and TME cells. This in-depth understanding of cancer cell-TME network provided theoretical basis for the development of new drugs targeting this sophisticated network in CRC.

Since various food date labeling (FDL) systems exist worldwide, consumers’ confusion and misunderstanding of FDL are unavoidable, which may result in a large amount of food waste at the consumer stage. To what extent consumers’ FDL cognition affects their food waste behaviors and intentions has yet been well documented. Using the online survey data ( N  = 7830, two-period panel) from China, we examine the relationship between FDL cognition and food waste behaviors, quantify the resulting food waste amount, and use difference-in-differences models to evaluate the net effect of the information intervention. The results show that only 6.46% of urban consumers in China have correct FDL cognition, and this cognition has a significant relationship with their food waste behaviors. The FDL information intervention significantly improves consumers’ FDL cognition and corrects their food waste intention, and the quality guaranteed date label has the most significant potential for reducing food waste, which is the most widely used FDL type in China currently. Based on the findings, strengthening the localized and targeted FDL popularization is a practical and promising way to reduce food waste, especially the most potential label type.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 19%. With the advent of screening and diagnostic techniques such as low-dose spiral CT and liquid biopsy, the detection rate of early stage LUAD is increasing. Even in stage I LUAD, the cumulative 5-year recurrence rate after radical surgical resection is 17.9%. This may be related to the presence of microscopic residual disease (MRD), a potential source of recurrence and metastasis. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are key biomarkers in liquid biopsies, but the ability of dynamic CTC detection to monitor MRD and warn of recurrence in patients with early LUAD has not been validated. Here, we conducted a prospective study using the telomerase reverse transcriptase-based CTC detection method (TBCD) to evaluate perioperative and follow-up CTC levels for dynamic monitoring to evaluate its clinical efficacy in predicting postoperative recurrence in early-stage LUAD. By longitudinal dynamic monitoring of CTC, we accurately predicted recurrence within 2 years after surgery, with an AUC of 0.9786, demonstrating the clinical values of CTC in predicting recurrence. The median lead time from positive detection of CTC to radiological recurrence was 183 days, with the earliest CT recurrence predicted 354 days in advance. Taken together, our study demonstrates that longitudinal monitoring of CTC is effective in early warning of LUAD recurrence and provides valuable information on early detection and intervention strategies for the management of LUAD.

Background Gliomas are the most common aggressive cancer in the central nervous system. Considering the difficulty in monitoring glioma response and progression, an approach is needed to evaluate the progression or survival of patients with glioma. We propose an application to facilitate clinical detection and treatment monitoring in glioma patients by using telomerase-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and to further evaluate the relationship between the immune microenvironment and CTCs in glioma patients. Methods From October 2014 to June 2017, 106 patients newly diagnosed with glioma were enrolled. We used the telomerase reverse transcriptase CTC detection method to detect and analyze the CTC statuses of glioma patients before and after surgery. FlowSight and FISH confirmed the CTCs detected by the telomerase-based method. To verify the correlation between CTCs and the immune response, peripheral white blood cell RNA sequencing was performed. Results CTCs were common in the peripheral blood of glioma patients and were not correlated with the pathological classification or grade of patients. The results showed that the presence of postoperative CTCs but not preoperative CTCs in glioma patients was a poor prognostic factor. The level of postoperative CTCs, which predicts a poor prognosis after surgery, may be associated with neutrophils. RNA sequencing suggested that postoperative CTCs were positively correlated with innate immune responses, especially the activation of neutrophils and the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps, but negatively correlated with the cytotoxic response. Conclusions Our results showed that telomerase-positive CTCs can predict a poor prognosis of patients with glioma. Our results also showed a correlation between CTCs and the immune macroenvironment, which provides a new perspective for the treatment of glioma.

Given the profound social, economic, and environmental consequences of food waste, identifying effective and timely strategies to mitigate this issue is imperative. While prior research has explored the connection between consumers' misunderstanding of food date labeling (FDL) and food waste, questions remain regarding both the discrepancy between consumers' subjective (self-reported) and objective (test-based) knowledge of FDL, and how subjective knowledge influences the efficacy of information interventions on a global scale. Using online survey data ( N  = 7830) from China, we measured consumers' subjective and objective FDL knowledge separately and constructed a knowledge deviation index. Our analysis reveals that 57.78% of consumers exhibit \"knowledge overconfidence\"-overestimating their understanding of FDL, and a significant correlation between knowledge deviation and food waste. Although the randomized information intervention experiment and difference-in-differences (DID) model results demonstrate the effectiveness of specific label information in enhancing consumers' objective FDL knowledge and reducing food waste willingness, the subsequent fixed-effects model results indicate that subjective FDL knowledge significantly hinders the beneficial effects of the intervention on both knowledge correction and the reduction in willingness to waste food. These findings offer novel insights for policymakers and stakeholders working toward United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 \"halve food waste by 2030\" by highlighting the critical role of addressing knowledge overconfidence in reducing food waste.

Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1), a kind of tyrosine kinase, is considered to be an oncogene in many cancers, and it is likely to become a potential target for cancer treatment. We found that the expression of the ACK1 gene in colon cancer was higher than that in normal tissues adjacent to cancer, and high expression of the ACK1 gene was associated with poor prognosis of patients. We assessed the prognosis of colon cancer based on ACK1-related genes and constructed a model that can predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients in colon cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We then explored the relationship between ACK1 and the immune microenvironment of colon cancer. The overexpression of ACK1 might hinder the function of antigen-presenting cells. The colon cancer prognosis prediction model we constructed has certain significance for clinicians to judge the prognosis of patients with colon cancer. The expression of the ACK1 gene might affect the infiltration level of a variety of immune cells and immunomodulators in the immune microenvironment.

The transmembrane and secreted protein delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) belongs to the EGF-like family. It is widely accepted that DLK1 plays important roles in regulating cell differentiation, such as adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Aberrant expression of DLK1 has been found in various types of human cancers, including lung cancer. A previous study in this lab has revealed that DLK1 is associated with tumor invasion, although the mechanism is still unknown. To explore the potential effects that DLK1 might have on invasion, DLK1 was overexpressed or knocked down in the human lung cancer cell lines. The protein's influences on cell invasion were subsequently evaluated. A transwell assay showed that DLK1 overexpression significantly promoted cancer cell invasion. Western blotting and gelatin zymography analysis indicated that DLK1 could affect both matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression and its extracellular activity. An analysis of NOTCH1 and HES1 gene expression and Notch intracellular domain (NICD) nuclear translocation during DLK1 stimulation or depletion demonstrated that DLK1 could activate Notch signaling in lung cancer cells. Additionally, the elevated expression of MMP9 induced by DLK1 stimulation could be significantly decreased by inhibiting Notch signaling using γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI). The data presented in this study suggest that DLK1 can promote the invasion of lung cancer cells by upregulating MMP9 expression, which depends on Notch signaling.