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As pioneering Fe 3 O 4 nanozymes, their explicit peroxidase (POD)-like catalytic mechanism remains elusive. Although many studies have proposed surface Fe 2+ -induced Fenton-like reactions accounting for their POD-like activity, few have focused on the internal atomic changes and their contribution to the catalytic reaction. Here we report that Fe 2+ within Fe 3 O 4 can transfer electrons to the surface via the Fe 2+ -O-Fe 3+ chain, regenerating the surface Fe 2+ and enabling a sustained POD-like catalytic reaction. This process usually occurs with the outward migration of excess oxidized Fe 3+ from the lattice, which is a rate-limiting step. After prolonged catalysis, Fe 3 O 4 nanozymes suffer the phase transformation to γ-Fe 2 O 3 with depletable POD-like activity. This self-depleting characteristic of nanozymes with internal atoms involved in electron transfer and ion migration is well validated on lithium iron phosphate nanoparticles. We reveal a neglected issue concerning the necessity of considering both surface and internal atoms when designing, modulating, and applying nanozymes. The mechanism of peroxidase-like Fe 3 O 4 nanozymes remains elusive. Here, the authors show the electron transfer mechanism of Fe(II) ions to regenerate surface Fe(II) and the related phase transformation and depletion of activity.

Nanoparticle superlattices are periodic arrays of nanoscale inorganic building blocks including metal nanoparticles, quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles. Such assemblies can exhibit exciting new collective properties different from those of individual nanoparticle or corresponding bulk materials. However, fabrication of nanoparticle superlattices is nontrivial because nanoparticles are notoriously difficult to manipulate due to complex nanoscale forces among them. An effective way to manipulate these nanoscale forces is to use soft ligands, which can prevent nanoparticles from disordered aggregation, fine‐tune the interparticle potential as well as program lattice structures and interparticle distances – the two key parameters governing superlattice properties. This article aims to review the up‐to‐date advances of superlattices from the viewpoint of soft ligands. We first describe the theories and design principles of soft‐ligand‐based approach and then thoroughly cover experimental techniques developed from soft ligands such as molecules, polymer and DNA. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and future perspectives in nanoparticle superlattices. In this review the recent accomplishments in nanoparticle superlattice assembly from the viewpoint of soft ligands are surveyed.

Bandage is a well-established industry, whereas wearable electronics is an emerging industry. This review presents the bandage as the base of wearable bioelectronics. It begins with introducing a detailed background to bandages and the development of bandage-based smart sensors, which is followed by a sequential discussion of the technical characteristics of the existing bandages, a more practical methodology for future applications, and manufacturing processes of bandage-based wearable biosensors. The review then elaborates on the advantages of basing the next generation of wearables, such as acceptance by the customers and system approvals, and disposal.

Time-lapse mechanical properties of stem cell derived cardiac organoids are important biological cues for understanding contraction dynamics of human heart tissues, cardiovascular functions and diseases. However, it remains difficult to directly, instantaneously and accurately characterize such mechanical properties in real-time and in situ because cardiac organoids are topologically complex, three-dimensional soft tissues suspended in biological media, which creates a mismatch in mechanics and topology with state-of-the-art force sensors that are typically rigid, planar and bulky. Here, we present a soft resistive force-sensing diaphragm based on ultrasensitive resistive nanocracked platinum film, which can be integrated into an all-soft culture well via an oxygen plasma-enabled bonding process. We show that a reliable organoid-diaphragm contact can be established by an ‘Atomic Force Microscope-like’ engaging process. This allows for instantaneous detection of the organoids’ minute contractile forces and beating patterns during electrical stimulation, resuscitation, drug dosing, tissue culture, and disease modelling. It is challenging to directly characterize mechanical properties of soft 3D cardiac organoids with current sensors. Here the authors report an electronic skin-based all-soft organoid-sensing system which can wirelessly monitor minute force profiles of cardiac organoids in real-time in-situ.

The SnRK (sucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase) plays an important role in regulating various signals in plants. However, as an important bamboo shoot and wood species, the response mechanism of PheSnRK in Phyllostachys edulis to hormones, low energy and stress remains unclear. In this paper, we focused on the structure, expression, and response of SnRK to hormones and sugars. In this study, we identified 75 PheSnRK genes from the Moso bamboo genome, which can be divided into three groups according to the evolutionary relationship. Cis -element analysis has shown that the PheSnRK gene can respond to various hormones, light, and stress. The PheSnRK2.9 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Transgenic experiments showed that overexpression of PheSnRK2.9 inhibited root development, the plants were salt-tolerant and exhibited slowed starch consumption in Arabidopsis in the dark. The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assay showed that PheIAAs and PheNACs can regulate PheSnRK2.9 gene expression by binding to the promoter of PheSnRK2.9 . This study provided a comprehensive understanding of PheSnRK genes of Moso bamboo, which provides valuable information for further research on energy regulation mechanism and stress response during the growth and development of Moso bamboo.

Background: A nanomaterial-based electronic-skin (E-Skin) wearable sensor has been successfully used for detecting and measuring body movements such as finger movement and foot pressure. The ultrathin and highly sensitive characteristics of E-Skin sensor make it a suitable alternative for continuously out-of-hospital lumbar–pelvic movement (LPM) monitoring. Monitoring these movements can help medical experts better understand individuals’ low back pain experience. However, there is a lack of prior studies in this research area. Therefore, this paper explores the potential of E-Skin sensors to detect and measure the anatomical angles of lumbar–pelvic movements by building a linear relationship model to compare its performance to clinically validated inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based sensing system (ViMove). Methods: The paper first presents a review and classification of existing wireless sensing technologies for monitoring of body movements, and then it describes a series of experiments performed with E-Skin sensors for detecting five standard LPMs including flexion, extension, pelvic tilt, lateral flexion, and rotation, and measure their anatomical angles. The outputs of both E-Skin and ViMove sensors were recorded during each experiment and further analysed to build the comparative models to evaluate the performance of detecting and measuring LPMs. Results: E-Skin sensor outputs showed a persistently repeating pattern for each movement. Due to the ability to sense minor skin deformation by E-skin sensor, its reaction time in detecting lumbar–pelvic movement is quicker than ViMove by ~1 s. Conclusions: E-Skin sensors offer new capabilities for detecting and measuring lumbar–pelvic movements. They have lower cost compared to commercially available IMU-based systems and their non-invasive highly stretchable characteristic makes them more comfortable for long-term use. These features make them a suitable sensing technology for developing continuous, out-of-hospital real-time monitoring and management systems for individuals with low back pain.

Auxin plays a crucial regulatory role in higher plants, but systematic studies on the location of auxin local biosynthesis are rare in bamboo and other graminaceous plants. We studied moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis ), which can grow up to 1 m/day and serves as a reference species for bamboo and other fast-growing species. We selected young tissues such as root tips, shoot tips, young culm sheaths, sheath blades, and internode divisions for local auxin biosynthesis site analysis. IAA immunofluorescence localization revealed that auxin was similarly distributed in different stages of 50-cm and 300-cm bamboo shoots. Shoot tips had the highest auxin content, and it may be the main site of auxin biosynthesis in the early stage of rapid growth. A total of 22 key genes in the YUCCA family for auxin biosynthesis were identified by genome-wide identification, and these had obvious tissue-specific and spatio-temporal expression patterns. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the localization of YUCCA genes was highly consistent with the distribution of auxin. Six major auxin synthesis genes, PheYUC3-1 , PheYUC6-1 , Phe YUC6-3 , PheYUC9-1 , PheYUC9-2 , and PheYUC7-3 , were obtained that may have regulatory roles in auxin accumulation during moso bamboo growth. Culm sheaths were found to serve as the main local sites of auxin biosynthesis and the auxin required for internode elongation may be achieved mainly by auxin transport.

Free-standing nanoparticle superlattices (suspended highly ordered nanoparticle arrays) are ideal for designing metamaterials and nanodevices free of substrate-induced electromagnetic interference. Here, we report on the first DNA-based route towards monolayered free-standing nanoparticle superlattices. In an unconventional way, DNA was used as a ‘dry ligand’ in a microhole-confined, drying-mediated self-assembly process. Without the requirement of specific Watson–Crick base-pairing, we obtained discrete, free-standing superlattice sheets in which both structure (inter-particle spacings) and functional properties (plasmonic and mechanical) can be rationally controlled by adjusting DNA length. In particular, the edge-to-edge inter-particle spacing for monolayered superlattice sheets can be tuned up to 20 nm, which is a much wider range than has been achieved with alkyl molecular ligands. Our method opens a simple yet efficient avenue towards the assembly of artificial nanoparticle solids in their ultimate thickness limit—a promising step that may enable the integration of free-standing superlattices into solid-state nanodevices. Free-standing nanoparticle superlattices offer interesting possibilities for the design of devices free from undesired effects of substrates. DNA can now be used to obtain superlattices with control over interparticle spacing, offering an alternative perspective on the synthesis of nanoparticle solids.

Green manuring has been proven to be a sustainable strategy for enhancing paddy soil fertility and reducing chemical fertilizer input. However, the anaerobic decomposition of green manure in flooded soils leads to substantial increase in methane (CH ) emissions. This study explored the coordinative effects of optimized water management and introduced emission reduction material on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system. A two-year (2022-2024) field experiment was conducted with four treatments: (T1, control) winter fallow + conventional nitrogen application; (T2) green manuring + 30% nitrogen reduction; (T3) green manuring + 30% nitrogen reduction + delayed flooding; and (T4) green manuring + 30% nitrogen reduction + ethephon application. Compared to T1, T2 treatment maintained rice yields while having no significant effect on annual cumulative CH emissions from the paddy field system. The global warming potential (GWP) slightly decreased under T2 treatment due to reduced nitrous oxide (N O) emissions. T3 treatment lowered CH emissions in the stage between green manuring and rice transplanting (-80.2%), leading to noticeable reductions in annual GWP (-17.6%) and GHG intensity (-23.7%). Under T4 treatment, CH emissions were suppressed after green manuring until rice harvest (-33.6%), accounting for the lowest annual GWP (-29.9%) and GHG intensity (-37.1%) alongside the highest rice yields. All improvement measures reduced the carbon footprint and enhanced the net ecosystem economic benefit, with T4 treatment demonstrating the maximum economic and environmental benefits. When applying Chinese milk vetch to substitute 30% of nitrogen fertilizer in the rice season, integration with delayed flooding or ethephon application leads to coordinated rice yield improvement and GHG emission reduction. This study provides a feasible agronomic strategy for green production in paddy fields and offers a technical solution for mitigating GHG emissions while safeguarding rice productivity.

In tidal estuarine regions, toe scour and deposition at seawalls, which are influenced by runoff and tidal flow, present complexities not found in inland rivers and wave-dominated coasts. Existing methods for predicting toe scour at seawalls are often inaccurate in estuarine environments and can be computationally demanding, limiting their practical application. Hence, there is a need for a simplified, reliable approach tailored to these dynamic settings. This study investigated the characteristics of toe scour and deposition through a case study in the Qiantang River Estuary on the basis of field data. We analyzed continuous monthly riverbed topography data from five cross-sections collected between 2011 and 2018 to examine riverbed profiles and their temporal variations in front of the seawall. In addition, we elucidated the underlying scour and deposition mechanisms. The results indicate that the riverbed slope at the seawall toe ranges from 14° to 27° over 50 m, whereas the riverbed flattens and significantly fluctuates between 50 and 100 m. Toe scour frequently occurs when the maximum daily average runoff discharge exceeds 5000 m3/s or when the average daily runoff discharge surpasses 2200 m3/s. Conversely, deposition is primarily observed with larger tidal ranges and lower runoff conditions. Furthermore, we developed a process-based prediction method (PPM) based on the sediment transport capacity to predict scour depths during various flood events. This method achieves a relative error within 20 %, showing improved accuracy over existing approaches. This study provides a reliable method to predict toe scour at seawalls in tidal estuaries, supporting safer seawall design and more effective maintenance strategies.