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Nitrogen (N) availability regulates primary productivity and hence directly affects global oceanic carbon sequestration. Global fjords account for up to 11% of marine carbon burial. However, N loss via sediment burial remains largely unquantified. Here, we show that global fjords are hotspots of N burial, accounting for up to 18% of oceanic N burial despite only covering 0.1% of the ocean area. Burial is the dominant N loss mechanism, exceeding microbial N loss via denitrification and anammox, which are generally considered the major N loss mechanisms. Microbial N loss dominates in anoxic fjords and appears to be a function of temperature and nutrient availability. Overall, fjords efficiently sequester excess N in sediments over long time scales. Accelerated warming will promote both N burial from increased primary production and microbial N loss from warmer temperatures, affecting N budgets in fjords and in the ocean in general. Contrary to previous assumptions, nitrogen burial – not denitrification – dominates nitrogen loss in fjords, accounting for up to 18% of oceanic nitrogen burial. Deoxygenation may yet alter the future partitioning of nitrogen loss in these systems.

Rapidly retreating marine‐terminating glaciers potentially release trapped greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Here, we quantified water‐air CH4 and N2O fluxes across a glacier‐lagoon‐ocean continuum in Iceland. Surface water CH4 ranged from 690% supersaturation relative to atmospheric equilibrium near the glacier to 140% on the shelf. N2O was undersaturated (84 ± 21%) near the glacier front and approached equilibrium in coastal seawater. The glacial lagoon was a CH4 source to the atmosphere and N2O sink, while nearshore shelf waters were a weak source of both gases. The total shelf CH4 emissions to the atmosphere were one order of magnitude greater than the lateral freshwater dissolved CH4 exports from the lagoon. The strong regional marine CO2 sink exceeds the CO2‐equivalent global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O emissions to the atmosphere by one order of magnitude. Overall, the glacier‐lagoon‐shelf continuum remains a major carbon sink despite widespread CH4 emissions and variable N2O sink/source behavior. Plain Language Summary Marine‐terminating glaciers are retreating rapidly due to global warming. This study resolved greenhouse gas emissions from an Icelandic glacier front to continental shelf waters. We found waters highly enriched with methane near the glacier. Methane then decreased as the water flowed toward the open ocean. Nitrous oxide behaved differently with some areas near the glacier undersaturated. The glacial lagoon was a source of methane but a sink for nitrous oxide. The methane emitted from the coastal ocean was larger than the transport of glacier‐sourced methane to the shelf. Yet, the ocean's strong ability to absorb carbon dioxide outweighed glacier‐driven greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, high latitude coastal waters remain a strong net carbon sink. Key Points A rapidly‐retreating marine‐terminating glacier exported CH4 to nearshore waters N2O was undersaturated near the glacier front The regional CO2 sink greatly outweighs CH4 and N2O emissions

Coastal lagoons are important nutrient filters and carbon sinks but may release large amounts of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Here, we hypothesize that eutrophication and population density will turn coastal lagoons into stronger methane emitters. We report benthic fluxes from 187 sediment cores incubated from three of the largest European lagoons suffering persistent eutrophication. Methane fluxes were mainly driven by sediment porosity, organic matter, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fluxes. Methane was always supersaturated (250–49,000%) in lagoon waters leading to large, variable emissions of 0.04–26 mg CH4 m−2 d−1. Combining our new dataset with earlier estimates revealed a global coastal lagoon emission of 7.9 (1.4–34.7) Tg CH4 yr−1 with median values of 5.4 mg CH4 m−2 d−1. Lagoons with very highly populated catchments released much more methane (223 mg CH4 m−2 d−1). Overall, projected increases in eutrophication, organic loading and population densities will enhance methane fluxes from lagoons worldwide.

Robust estimations of methane (CH4) oxidation in marginal seas remain elusive, making CH4 budgets particularly uncertain. Here, we investigate the CH4 benthic source and bottom layer oxidation across the entire Baltic Sea using concentration and stable isotope (δ13C‐CH4) profiles along oxygen and salinity gradients. CH4 concentrations were highest near the seafloor under low oxygen conditions. Comparison with previous local‐scale studies implies increasing deep water CH4 concentrations in the last decade. High CH4 concentrations and δ13C‐CH4 values (−54.4 ± 17.7‰) in bottom waters indicate benthic sources. Oxygen, salinity, and 224Ra (benthic tracer) explained the CH4 distribution. Methane oxidation estimated from δ13C‐CH4 fractionation removed 49 ± 33% of benthic‐produced CH4 before reaching the surface, leading to small water–air fluxes (10.0 ± 9.2 μmol m−2 d−1). Overall, bottom layer CH4 oxidation was highly effective attenuating CH4 emissions to the atmosphere.

We report hydrogeochemical and isotopic observations across the Baltic Sea from two research expeditions: (1) a ~5000 km cruise-track onboard the R/V Skagerak in 2023 and (2) a land-based sampling for terrestrial endmembers in 2024. The ship-based observations include continuous monitoring of hydrographic parameters, pH, and 222 Rn in surface water. In addition, we collected 542 discrete samples from the water column, vertical profiles (n = 69 stations), and meteorological data. Land observations include discrete samples from beach groundwater (n = 77), nearshore surface water (n = 47), and rivers close to the coastline (n = 46). Discrete samples were analyzed for short-lived radium isotopes, nutrients, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, total dissolved nitrogen, total alkalinity, methane, and stable isotopes (δ 18 O H2O , δ 2 H H2O , δ 13 C DIC , δ 13 C CO2 , δ 13 C CH4 ). Data products include seven open-access files. This dataset forms the deposit for upcoming original research publications. This dataset will also be valuable to researchers interested in the hydrogeochemistry of coastal seas, like the Baltic Sea, and more generally interested in submarine groundwater discharge and estuarine biogeochemistry.

Transcription factors have an important role in cancer but are difficult targets for the development of tumour therapies. These factors include the Ets family, and in this study Elk3 that is activated by Ras oncogene /Erk signalling, and is involved in angiogenesis, malignant progression and epithelial-mesenchymal type processes. We previously described the identification and in-vitro characterisation of an inhibitor of Ras / Erk activation of Elk3 that also affects microtubules, XRP44X. We now report an initial characterisation of the effects of XRP44X in-vivo on tumour growth and metastasis in three preclinical models mouse models, subcutaneous xenografts, intra-cardiac injection-bone metastasis and the TRAMP transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer progression. XRP44X inhibits tumour growth and metastasis, with limited toxicity. Tumours from XRP44X-treated animals have decreased expression of genes containing Elk3-like binding motifs in their promoters, Elk3 protein and phosphorylated Elk3, suggesting that perhaps XRP44X acts in part by inhibiting the activity of Elk3. Further studies are now warranted to develop XRP44X for tumour therapy.

Low survival rates of metastatic cancers emphasize the need for a drug that can prevent and/or treat metastatic cancer. αv integrins are involved in essential processes for tumor growth and metastasis and targeting of αv integrins has been shown to decrease angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, the role of αv integrin and its potential as a drug target in bladder cancer was investigated. Treatment with an αv integrin antagonist as well as knockdown of αv integrin in the bladder carcinoma cell lines, resulted in reduced malignancy in vitro, as illustrated by decreased proliferative, migratory and clonogenic capacity. The CDH1/CDH2 ratio increased, indicating a shift towards a more epithelial phenotype. This shift appeared to be associated with downregulation of EMT-inducing transcription factors including SNAI2. The expression levels of the self-renewal genes NANOG and BMI1 decreased as well as the number of cells with high Aldehyde Dehydrogenase activity. In addition, self-renewal ability decreased as measured with the urosphere assay. In line with these observations, knockdown or treatment of αv integrins resulted in decreased metastatic growth in preclinical in vivo models as assessed by bioluminescence imaging. In conclusion, we show that αv integrins are involved in migration, EMT and maintenance of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase activity in bladder cancer cells. Targeting of αv integrins might be a promising approach for treatment and/or prevention of metastatic bladder cancer.

Despite advancements in wearable technologies 1 , 2 , barriers remain in achieving distributed computation located persistently on the human body. Here a textile fibre computer that monolithically combines analogue sensing, digital memory, processing and communication in a mass of less than 5 g is presented. Enabled by a foldable interposer, the two-dimensional pad architectures of microdevices were mapped to three-dimensional cylindrical layouts conforming to fibre geometry. Through connection with helical copper microwires, eight microdevices were thermally drawn into a machine-washable elastic fibre capable of more than 60% stretch. This programmable fibre, which incorporates a 32-bit floating-point microcontroller, independently performs edge computing tasks even when braided, woven, knitted or seam-sewn into garments. The universality of the assembly process allows for the integration of additional functions with simple modifications, including a rechargeable fibre power source that operates the computer for nearly 6 h. Finally, we surmount the perennial limitation of rigid interconnects by implementing two wireless communication schemes involving woven optical links and seam-inserted radio-frequency communications. To demonstrate its utility, we show that garments equipped with four fibre computers, one per limb, operating individually trained neural networks achieve, on average, 67% accuracy in classifying physical activity. However, when networked, inference accuracy increases to 95% using simple weighted voting. A textile fibre computer combining sensing, memory, processing and communication in a 5-g mass has been developed, enabling distributed computation on the human body through garments.

We report high‐resolution observations of N2O sea‐air fluxes at six fjords spanning arctic, subarctic, and temperate climates. Icelandic and Swedish fjords were sources of N2O at 97.6 ± 10.5 and 19.9 ± 19.3 μg N2O m−2 day−1, respectively. These fjords showed increasing N2O concentrations toward the head. In contrast, a Greenland fjord exhibited net N2O uptake at −8.3 ± 7.8 μg N2O m−2 day−1 with decreasing concentration toward the head of the fjord. Individual fjords appear to have unique N2O drivers such as temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and pH but no overarching driver was identified across all fjords. In Icelandic and Swedish fjords, low oxygen in subsurface waters and aquaculture activities may have enhanced N2O emissions. Globally, fjords release 7.9 ± 1.7 Gg N2O yr−1 to the atmosphere, which represents 2%–13% of global emissions from coastal ecosystems. These N2O emissions offset 3.5% of CO2 sequestration in fjords. Plain Language Summary Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas nearly 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide over a 100‐year time scale. Coastal systems produce and consume N2O through different microbial processes. While many observations have been made in temperate estuaries, little is known about N2O emissions from fjords and other coastal ecosystems at high latitudes. Here, we quantify sea‐air N2O exchange in six fjords in Sweden, Iceland, and Greenland. The temperate and subarctic fjords were net N2O sources to the atmosphere, while the Greenland fjord was a net N2O sink. Higher N2O emissions occurred in fjords with some aquaculture and water column deoxygenation. N2O uptake in Greenland may be affected by glacier meltwater dilution of surface seawater. Our emission estimation places fjord systems in the low‐end emission range compared to what was previously found. Key Points Nitrous oxide concentrations are highly variable among six North Atlantic fjords Temperate and Subarctic fjords are net sources, while the Arctic fjord is a net sink of N2O Fjords emit less N2O than previously thought, accounting for less than 13% of N2O coastal emissions globally