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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors.DesignPopulation based, cross sectional study.Setting31 provinces in mainland China with nationally representative cross sectional data from 2015 to 2017.Participants75 880 participants aged 18 and older—a nationally representative sample of the mainland Chinese population.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of diabetes among adults living in China, and the prevalence by sex, regions, and ethnic groups, estimated by the 2018 American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and history of disease were recorded by participants on a questionnaire. Anthropometric and clinical assessments were made of serum concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (one measurement), two hour plasma glucose, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).ResultsThe weighted prevalence of total diabetes (n=9772), self-reported diabetes (n=4464), newly diagnosed diabetes (n=5308), and prediabetes (n=27 230) diagnosed by the ADA criteria were 12.8% (95% confidence interval 12.0% to 13.6%), 6.0% (5.4% to 6.7%), 6.8% (6.1% to 7.4%), and 35.2% (33.5% to 37.0%), respectively, among adults living in China. The weighted prevalence of total diabetes was higher among adults aged 50 and older and among men. The prevalence of total diabetes in 31 provinces ranged from 6.2% in Guizhou to 19.9% in Inner Mongolia. Han ethnicity had the highest prevalence of diabetes (12.8%) and Hui ethnicity had the lowest (6.3%) among five investigated ethnicities. The weighted prevalence of total diabetes (n=8385) using the WHO criteria was 11.2% (95% confidence interval 10.5% to 11.9%).ConclusionThe prevalence of diabetes has increased slightly from 2007 to 2017 among adults living in China. The findings indicate that diabetes is an important public health problem in China.

Background and aims Iodine is one of the most important trace elements in the human body. It is not only the main component of thyroid hormones but also has extrathyroid biological functions. To date, there have been no large-scale epidemiological studies on the relationship between hyperuricemia and iodine intake, although both are closely related to health. A population-based epidemiological survey in China offers such an opportunity. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study recruited 75,653 adults aged ≥ 18 years from 2015 to 2017 with a randomized, multistage, stratified sampling strategy. Serum uric acid levels and urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were measured. Results Stratified by UIC, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 17.8%, 18.8%, 16.0% and 13.7% in the UIC < 100, 100–199, 200–299, and ≥ 300 μg/L groups, respectively; the prevalence of gout was 4.0%, 3.4%, 2.4% and 1.7%, respectively. The prevalence of gout decreased significantly as the UIC increased. The prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout were markedly higher in postmenopausal females than in the premenopausal population (hyperuricemia: 15.9% vs. 8.3%, X 2  = 520.072, p  < 0.001; gout: 3.6% vs. 1.3%, X 2  = 219.889, p  < 0.001), and the prevalence decreased as the UIC increased. Subjects in the more than adequate and excessive iodine groups had lower likelihoods of having hyperuricemia [aOR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.77–0.85), aOR = 0.68 (95% CI 0.64–0.72)] and lower odds of having gout than subjects in the adequate iodine (AI) group [aOR = 0.77 (95% CI 0.68–0.86), aOR = 0.59 (95% CI 0.51–0.68)]. Conclusions UIC was inversely associated with the occurrence of hyperuricemia and gout. More in-depth research and prospective studies are needed to explore the molecular mechanisms and confirm the observed association.

Studies have shown that metabolic abnormalities influence the immune system. Because the prevalence of metabolic and autoimmune thyroid diseases has increased synchronously, the correlation between them was worth exploring. The study objective was to investigate the relationship between metabolic disorders and thyroid autoantibodies in euthyroid subjects. Data were obtained from a TIDE project survey of 55,891 subjects from 31 provinces in China. The body mass index(BMI), waist circumference(WC), blood pressure(BP), TPOAb, TgAb, TSH, UIC, blood glucose, lipid profile, uric acid(UA) levels were evaluated. FT4 and FT3 levels were measured in patients with abnormal serum TSH levels. In males, the BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, and OGTT2hPG of the TPOAb/TgAb-positive groups were significantly higher than those of the TPOAb/TgAb-negative groups. In females, the BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, and LDL-C in the TPOAb/TgAb-positive groups were significantly increased compared to those in the TPOAb/TgAb-negative groups. Multivariate analysis showed that, in males, the OR of positive TgAb in the abdominal obesity group was 1.175 (95% CI 1.016-1.359, P for difference= 0.03), and the OR of positive TPOAb in the hyperuricemia group was 1.195 (95% CI 1.041-1.372, P for difference = 0.011). In females, the OR of positive TgAb was 1.19 (95% Cl 1.068-1.326, P for difference= 0.002) in the high LDL-C group. Obesity, high LDL-C and hyperuricemia were positively correlated with the prevalence of positive thyroid autoantibodies in euthyroid subjects in a gender-dependent manner. This cross-sectional survey showed that metabolic disorders are associated with increased positive thyroid autoantibody levels in euthyroid subjects in a gender-dependent manner.

Studies have shown that metabolic abnormalities influence the immune system. Because the prevalence of metabolic and autoimmune thyroid diseases has increased synchronously, the correlation between them was worth exploring. The study objective was to investigate the relationship between metabolic disorders and thyroid auto-antibodies in euthyroid subjects. Data were obtained from the Thyroid Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus project survey of 55,891 subjects from 31 provinces in China. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), urinary iodine concentration, blood glucose, lipid profile, and uric acid levels were evaluated. Free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine levels were measured in patients with abnormal serum TSH levels. In males, the BMI, WC, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and 2-hour post-glucose oral glucose tolerance test results of the TPOAb-/TgAb-positive group were significantly higher than those of the TPOAb-/TgAb-negative group. In females, the BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the TPOAb-/TgAb-positive group were significantly increased compared to the TPOAb-/TgAb-negative group. Multivariate analysis showed that in males, the odds ratio (OR) of positive TgAbs in the abdominal obesity group was 1.175 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.016 to 1.359; P = .03), and the OR of positive TPOAbs in the hyperuricemia group was 1.195 (95% CI, 1.041 to 1.372; P = .011). In females, the OR of positive TgAbs was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.068 to 1.326; P = .002) in the high LDL-C group. Obesity, high LDL-C, and hyperuricemia were positively correlated with the prevalence of positive thyroid autoantibodies in euthyroid subjects in a gender-dependent manner. This cross-sectional survey showed that metabolic disorders are associated with increased positive thyroid autoantibody levels in euthyroid subjects in a gender-dependent manner. AIT = autoimmune thyroiditis; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C = high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; OGTT2hPG = oral glucose tolerance test 2-hours post-glucose; OR = odds ratio; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides; TgAb = thyroglobulin antibody; TPOAb = thyroid peroxidase antibody; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; UA = uric acid; WC = waist circumference.

Photon upconversion through high harmonic generation, multiphoton absorption, Auger recombination and phonon scattering performs a vital role in energy conversion and renormalization. Considering the reduced dielectric screening and enhanced Coulomb interactions, semiconductor monolayers provide a promising platform to explore photon upconversion at room temperature. Additionally, two-photon upconversion was recently demonstrated as an emerging technique to probe the excitonic dark states due to the extraordinary selection rule compared with conventional excitation. However, highly efficient two-photon upconversion still remains challenging due to the limited multiphoton absorption efficiency and long radiative lifetimes. Here, a 2440-fold enhancement of two-photon luminescence (TPL) is achieved in doubly resonant plasmonic nanocavities due to the amplified light collection, enhanced excitation rate, and increased quantum efficiency. To gain more insight into the attractive doubly resonant enhancement in such a plasmon−exciton coupling system, the intriguing thermally tuned excitonic upconversion and optimized amplification factor >3000 are realized at 350 K. Meanwhile, the single resonance enhanced photoluminescence (PL) (~890-fold) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) (~134-fold) are elaborately demonstrated. These results establish a foundation for developing cost-effective, high-performance nonlinear photonic devices and probing fine excitonic states via configuring plasmonic nanocavities. Two-photon upconversion of 2D exciton was enhanced by 2440-fold in doubly-resonant nanocavity due to combined field localization and Purcell effect.

The YanTai HY-Nuclear Power Plant (HYNPP) is a newly constructed nuclear power plant that entered operation after 2021. To establish a preoperational ecological baseline for the HYNPP, this study examined macrobenthic community structure and its relationships with multiple environmental variables using year-round field surveys conducted from 2016 to 2017. Eighty-five species from eight phyla were recorded in total, with winter showing the highest species number and spring exhibiting peak biomass. Species composition displayed pronounced seasonal turnover, with replacement rates exceeding 93% between adjacent seasons. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and hierarchical clustering confirmed significant seasonal variation and the localized aggregation of species near the HYNPP. Diversity indices (S, H′, D′, and J′) varied across seasons and spatial gradients, strongly influenced by sea bottom temperature (SBT), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and nutrient concentrations. Spearman correlation analysis and random forest (RF) modeling revealed SBT, DO, phosphate, and phytoplankton cell as dominant factors shaping macrobenthic diversity. RF models provided key insights into nonlinear interactions and variable importance across seasons. Leveraging the dependence-preserving power of copulas, Copula-Based Random Forest (CBRF) models were further developed under a +4°C warming scenario to simulate post-operational thermal-discharge effects; the CBRF framework captured complex spatial responses, predicting localized biomass increases in sheltered muddy areas and biomass reductions in the outer bay. Mollusk biomass was projected to peak in spring near mixed-substrate habitats, while annelids and arthropods showed variable responses linked to sediment type and nutrient availability. These findings highlight strong spatiotemporal coupling between environmental parameters and macrobenthic assemblages, emphasizing the roles of SBT and phytoplankton-driven organic inputs in modulating community structure. The predictive framework built here supports long-term ecological risk assessments and management strategies for mitigating thermal discharge impacts in the Yellow Sea region.

Morinda officinalis F.C. How. (Rubiaceae) is a herbal medicine. It has been recorded that its oligosaccharides have neuroprotective properties. In order to understand the oligosaccharides extracted from Morinda officinalis (OMO), a systematic study was conducted to provide evidence that supports its use in neuroprotective therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD rat models were prepared with D ‐galactose and A β 25–35 . The following groups were used in the present experiment: normal control group, sham‐operated group, model group, Aricept group, OMO low‐dose group, OMO medium‐dose group, and OMO high‐dose group. The effects on behavioral tests, antioxidant levels, energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, and AD‐related proteins were detected with corresponding methodologies. AD rats administered with different doses of OMO all exhibited a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in latency and an increase ( P < 0.05) in the ratio of swimming distance to total distance in a dose‐dependent manner in the Morris water maze. There was a significant ( P < 0.05) increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH‐Px, and CAT), neurotransmitter levels (acetylcholine, γ ‐GABA, and NE and DA), energy metabolism (Na + /K + ‐ATPase), and relative synaptophysin (SYP) expression levels in AD rats administered with OMO. Furthermore, there was a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in MDA levels and relative expression levels of APP, tau, and caspase‐3 in AD rats with OMO. The present research suggests that OMO protects against D ‐galactose and A β 25–35 ‐induced neurodegeneration, which may provide a novel strategy for improving AD in clinic.

This study is the first attempt to explore the reason of costochondral graft fracture after lengthy mandible advancement and bilateral coronoidectomy by combining finite element analysis and mechanical test. Eleven groups of models were established to simulate costochondral graft reconstruction in different degrees of mandible advancement, ranging from 0 to 20 mm, in 2 mm increment. Force and stress distribution in the rib-cartilage area were analyzed by finite element analysis. Mechanical test was used to evaluate the resistance of the rib-cartilage complex. Results showed a sharp increase in horizontal force between 8 and 10 mm mandible advancement, from 26.7 to 196.7 N in the left side, and continue increased after 10 mm, which was beyond bone-cartilage junction resistance according to mechanical test. Therefore, we concluded that bilateral reconstruction with coronoidectomy for lengthy mandible advancement (≥ 10 mm) may lead to prominent increase in shear force and result in a costal-cartilage junction fracture, in this situation, alloplastic prosthesis could be a better choice. We also suggested that coronoidectomy should be carefully considered unless necessary.

Air drilling with hammer is generally recognized as an effective drilling method, but the hole obtained in thick conglomerate formation is very irregular, and the control of hole deviation is very difficult. Although many studies have been carried out, the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been found out yet. In this paper, based on the numerical simulation of rock breaking process of air hammer, the influence of the heterogeneity of conglomerate on the wellbore regularity and hole deviation is analyzed. The results show that the direction of the bit will be changed due to the heterogeneous distribution of gravel particles, which make the wellbore with a severely irregular shape. On this basis, the finite element models of BHA in regular and irregular wellbores are established respectively, and the influence of wellbore irregularity on the stress of BHA is analyzed. It can be found the irregular wellbore is easy to form additional fulcrum, shorten the effective swing distance of pendulum bottom hole assembly. The additional fulcrum greatly changes the mechanical characteristics of the BHA, reducing the angle dropping force on bit, or even produce the angle building force.