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The interference between wind turbine generators and radar is now being considered as one of the major deterrents towards seeking clearance for new wind energy project. The windfarm developers have to seek clearance from Civil Air Traffic Control and Defence Department certifying that the windfarms will not create interference with radars. The tower of wind turbine generator along with blades presents a large radar cross section to radars, thus creating static clutter; moreover, rotation of wind turbine generator blades creates Doppler ambiguities which confuse radar operators. Many radar designers have proposed mitigation techniques to overcome this issue; however, each technique has its own limitation. The study takes a two-pronged approach to address the issue of wind turbine generator static clutter due to tower and blades and the resolution of Doppler ambiguities through signal processing–based mitigation techniques. In addition, the study also suggests the use of micro-Doppler techniques for signature identification of wind turbine generator blades for eliminating their effect during the radar signal processing. The article presents a step-by-step mitigation technique to resolve the wind turbine generator and radar interference issue.

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most neglected aspects and becoming a challenge for India as well as other developing nations' environment. India is one of the world's large and fastest-growing economy. Based on the trends in different nations like the US, China and European countries, it is clear that a developing economy of the nation and population of the country is also playing a vital role in the increasing rate of solid waste generation. Unsegregated waste is the root cause of the inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems in India. The existing approach to managing the MSW such as collection, transportation and treatment results in poor utilization of resources. This review paper addresses the current status of MSWM in India. In this paper, various issues and challenges to obtain 100 % source segregated municipal solid waste are also discussed through different cases of urban areas. A way forward through an overview of the municipal waste management policies and practices adopted is being presented in the paper.

Background: A blood steroid profile has recently become available on commercial basis in India. In this study, we report our initial experience with the use of steroid profile in the evaluation of disorders of sex development (DSD) and suspected cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and discuss the potential scenarios in endocrine practice that may benefit from this steroid profile. Materials and Methods: The study included six subjects. Patient 1 was a 46, XX girl who presented with peripubertal virilization, patient 2 was a girl who presented with normal pubertal development, secondary amenorrhea, and virilization, and patient 3 was a girl who presented with primary amenorrhea and virilization. These three patients were suspected to have CAH but had non-diagnostic serum 17 OH-progesterone levels. Patient 4 and 5 were 46, XY reared as girls who presented with primary amenorrhea alone and primary amenorrhea and virilization, respectively, and sixth subject was a heathy volunteer. All subjects were evaluated with blood steroid profile by Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Patient 1 and 2 were diagnosed to have 11 β-hydroxylase deficiency by using the steroid profile. Patient 3 was suspected to have CAH, but the steroid profile excluded the diagnosis and helped to confirm the diagnosis as polycystic ovary syndrome. In patient 4 and patient 5, although steroid profile ruled out the possibility of steroidogenesis defects, it did not help to reach at the specific diagnosis. Conclusion: The blood steroid profile used in this study is most useful for the diagnosis of 11 β-hydroxylase deficiency. The utility of this test is limited in the evaluation of 46, XY patients with under-virilization.

The growing demand for sustainable energy has encouraged the development of innovative approaches combining renewable biomass with advanced technologies. This work investigates poultry waste sourced from chicken shops as a potential raw material for oil generation. The optimal conditions, which resulted in the highest biodiesel yield and lowest Environmental Factor (E-factor), were achieved consuming a 9:1 methanol-to-chicken-oil ratio, 1% catalyst by weight, a 1-h reaction time, and a mixing speed of 500 rpm. Additionally, various nanofluid formulations containing Zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanopowder were prepared at concentrations ranging from 50 to 150 ppm, in increments of 50 ppm, and blended with a C20D80 fuel mixture. Among the tested blends, the C20D80 + 100ppm formulation demonstrated superior performance, reducing HC emissions by 29.23%, CO by 37%, and NOx by 5.7% while maintaining comparable engine performance to standard diesel. The experimental findings were substantiated through AI-based neural network, achieving a high R 2 -values ranging from 0.9197 to 0.9961, and low RMSE and MAPE. These findings highlight the significant potential of integrating waste biomass, E-factor assessment, and nanotechnology for the development of cleaner, sustainable fuel alternatives for future applications.

Mice lacking C3G (RapGEF1), a ubiquitously expressed protein essential for neuronal differentiation, show multiple defects in brain development. Function of C3G in neurogenesis is poorly defined. Here, we identify brain specific expression of a novel C3G isoform in mice and humans. This isoform has an insert in the Crk-binding region, generating a polypeptide of 175 kDa, unlike the previously known 140 kDa form expressed in all other tissues. In the adult mouse brain, C3G expression is seen in neurons, but was not detectable in GFAP-positive cells. C3G levels were high in the CA3 region of hippocampus and in mitral cells of olfactory bulb. Neural progenitor cells positive for Doublecortin and Nestin, show expression of C3G. During development, C3G is expressed in precursor cells prior to their differentiation into mature neurons or astrocytes. The 175 kDa as well as 140 kDa forms are seen in embryonic mouse brain, while only the 175 kDa variant is seen in post-natal brain. Human cerebral organoids generated from induced pluripotent stem cells predominantly expressed the 140 kDa polypeptides, and the 175 kDa isoform appeared upon maturation. This study describes developmental regulation and neuronal expression of a brain specific isoform of C3G, a molecule essential for normal development of the mammalian brain.

Direct measurement of carbon and water fluxes at high frequencies make eddy covariance (EC) the technique most preferred to characterize water use efficiency (WUE). However, reliability of EC fluxes largely hinges on the energy balance ratio (EBR) and inclusion of low-frequency fluxes. This study is aimed at investigating the role of the averaging period in representing EC fluxes and its propagation into WUE dynamics. Carbon and water fluxes were monitored in a drip-irrigated maize field at 10 Hz frequency and were averaged over 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min, considering daytime unstable conditions. The optimal averaging period to simulate WUE fluxes for each growth stage is obtained by considering cumulative frequency (Ogive) curves. A clear departure of EBR from unity was observed during the dough and maturity stages of the crop due to ignorance of canopy heat storage, low-frequency flux losses, and an inadequate averaging period. Deviations in representing water (carbon) fluxes relative to the conventional 30 min average are within ±3 % (±10 %) for 10–120 min averaging and beyond ±3 % (±10 %) for other time averages. Ogive plots show that the optimal averaging period to represent carbon, water, and WUE fluxes is 15–30 min for the sixth leaf and silking stages and is 45–60 min for the dough and maturity stages. Dynamics of WUE considering optimal averaging periods are in the range of μ ± σ: 1.49 ± 0.95, 1.37 ± 0.74, 1.39 ± 0.79, and 3.06 ± 0.69 µmol mmol−1 for the sixth leaf, silking, dough, and maturity stages, respectively. The error in representing WUE by conventional 30 min averaging is marginal (< 1.5 %) throughout the crop period except for the dough stage (12.12 %). We conclude that the conventional 30 min averaging of EC fluxes is not appropriate for representing WUE throughout the crop period. Our findings can help to develop efficient water management strategies by accurately characterizing WUE fluxes from the EC measurements.

In mammals, > 100 genes regulate pigmentation by means of a wide variety of developmental, cellular, and enzymatic mechanisms. Nevertheless, genes that directly regulate pheomelanin production have not been described. Here, we demonstrate that the subtle gray (sut) mouse pigmentation mutant arose by means of a mutation in the Slc7a11 gene, encoding the plasma membrane cystine/glutamate exchanger xCT [Kanai, Y. & Endou, H. (2001) Curr. Drug Metab. 2, 339-354]. A resulting low rate of extracellular cystine transport into sut melanocytes reduces pheomelanin production. We show that Slc7a11 is a major genetic regulator of pheomelanin pigment in hair and melanocytes, with minimal or no effects on eumelanin. Furthermore, transport of cystine by xCT is critical for normal proliferation, glutathione production, and protection from oxidative stress in cultured cells. Thus, we have found that the Slc7a11 gene controls the production of pheomelanin pigment directly. Cells from sut mice provide a model for oxidative stress-related diseases and their therapies.

Background: The gingival recession causes tooth sensitivity, poor esthetics, and tooth mobility in severe cases. Scientific documentation revealed effective root coverage (RC) and increased keratinized tissue heights acquired with the coronally advanced flap (CAF) for multiple recession defects. Objectives: This research evaluates and compares the efficacy of CAF procedures with and without Type I collagen bio-absorbable membrane in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in the treatment of Miller's Class I and II gingival recession. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 sites from 15 patients were selected for the study after fulfilling the presurgical phase of treatment. The chosen sites were randomly allocated into Group A CAF and Group B (CAF + Resorbable GTR membrane). The clinical variables such as plaque index, gingival index, recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), clinical attachment level (CAL), and surface area of the defect were recorded at the baseline and 6 months postoperatively. Results: Both therapies resulted in a notable gain in RC with a mean of 73.13% and 71.60%, respectively, but it was not statistically significant when compared between the groups. Both the RD and RW were significantly reduced from baseline to 6 months postoperatively. Although there was a gain in WKG and CAL in both experimental sites, no significant difference was observed between both the groups. Conclusion: Although there are several RC procedures, CAF furnishes a foreseeable, straightforward, and appropriate perspective for treating Miller's Class I and II recessions. Integrating this approach with placing a bio-absorbable membrane does not seem to improve the results following surgical treatment of such defects. However, both groups showed the potential advantage of achieving RC.

In rice ( Oryza sativa L.), during the course of domestication, numerous beneficial alleles remain untapped in the progenitor wild species and landraces. This study aims at uncovering these promising alleles of six key genes influencing the yield, such as DEP1 , Ghd7 , Gn1a , GS 3, qSW5 and sd1 by targeted resequencing of the 200 rice genotypes. In all, 543 nucleotide variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion and deletion polymorphisms were identified from the targeted genes. Of them, 225 were novel alleles, which identified in the present study only and 91 were beneficial alleles that showed significant association with the yield traits. Besides, we uncovered 128 population-specific alleles with indica being the highest of 79 alleles. The neutrality tests revealed that pleiotropic gene, Ghd7 and major grain size contributing gene, GS3 showed positive and balanced selection, respectively during the domestication. Further, the haplotype analysis revealed that some of the rice genotypes found to have rare haplotypes, especially the high yielding variety, BPT1768 has showed maximum of three genes such as Gn1a-8 , qSW5-12 and GS3-29 . The rice varieties with novel and beneficial alleles along with the rare haplotypes identified in the present study could be of immense value for yield improvement in the rice breeding programs.

Background and Aim: Pain control is an important outcome measure for successful periodontal therapy. Injected local anesthesia has been used to secure anesthesia for scaling and root planing (SRP) and continues to be the anesthetic of choice for pain control. Alternatively, intra-pocket anesthetic gel has been used as an anesthetic during SRP. Hence, this clinical trial was done to compare the effectiveness of intra-pocket anesthetic gel and injected local anesthesia during SRP and also to assess the influence of intra-pocket anesthetic gel on treatment outcomes in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Fifteen systemically healthy chronic periodontitis patients were recruited. The dental quadrants on right side received either intra-pocket 20% benzocaine gel (Gel group) or infiltration/block by 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline (injection group). Quadrants on the left side received the alternative. Pain perception and patients preference for the type of anesthesia was recorded. Clinical parameters: plaque index, modified gingival index, modified sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and 1 month after treatment. Results: No difference was observed in visual analog scale (P > 0.05) and verbal rating scale (P > 0.05) pain perception between gel group and injection group. A slightly increased preference to gel as anesthesia (53% vs. 47%) was observed. The treatment outcome after SRP did not show a significant difference between gel and injection group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Intra-pocket administration of 20% benzocaine gel may be effective for pain control during SRP and may offer an alternative to conventional injection anesthesia.