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68 result(s) for "Chitty, Clyde"
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Eugenics, Race and Intelligence in Education
For over a hundred years, psychologists and human biologists have been engaged in an often heated debate as to whether 'heredity' or 'environment' should be viewed as the determining factor in the creation of the human personality.
The Role and Status of LEAs: Post-war pride and fin de siècle uncertainty
From the mid-1940s until the mid-1970s, most of Britain's political 'establishment' shared a tacit governing philosophy which embraced a broad commitment to the concept of 'a national system of education, locally administered'. More specifically, it was believed that the tripartite partnership established between central government, local government and the individual schools and colleges involved a network of checks and balances which would ensure the effective distribution of power throughout the system. This partnership survived the local political battles over comprehensive schooling in the 1950s and 1960s, but began to break down in the 1970s when economic dislocation and a national identity crisis ushered in a new era of accountability and sanctions. This 'breakdown' encompassed the trust and confidence that central government had once reposed in the competence of local education authorities. The erosion of confidence in LEA effectiveness intensified under the Thatcher and Major administrations and is further threatened by the privatising agenda of New Labour.
Privatisation and Marketisation
The term 'privatisation' is capable of many different interpretations where education is concerned. For many on the far right of the political spectrum, it embraces all those measures designed to work towards a situation where, eventually, all schools will be in private ownership and parents will be supplied with educational vouchers or 'credits' to spend at the schools of their choice. Yet it can also be broadened to cover all those initiatives which have the effect of blurring the boundaries between the private and state sectors. While privatisation in the purest sense has not so far been achieved, developments since 1979 have created a situation where there is considerable state support for private institutions, where state schools find themselves increasingly reliant on support from local businesses and where schools are pitted against one another in a cut-throat competition to attract pupils.
The 'Moment of 1976' Revisited
This paper, which is a response to a previous one by Charles Batteson (1997) published in the Journal, challenges the view that James Callaghan's personal intervention in the politics of education in 1976 in making the Ruskin Speech was pivotal in shaping the subsequent direction of Labour' policies for school reform. The paper also queries the idea that the Ruskin Speech was the immediate harbinger of New Right education policies. Instead, it is suggested, the historical record points up that such policies gained ascendancy only some ten years later, the intervening period being dominated more by an acceptance of the educational consensus constructed by the Labour leadership in 1976-77.