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"Cho, Young Min"
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Incretin physiology and pathophysiology from an Asian perspective
Incretin hormones, such as glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1, are secreted on oral nutrient ingestion and regulate postprandial glucose homeostasis by conveying the signal of intestinal glucose flux. In East Asians, the secretion of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is not reduced in type 2 diabetes relative to normal glucose tolerance. Although the incretin effect is blunted in European patients with type 2 diabetes, a few East Asian studies showed no difference in the incretin effect between type 2 diabetes and normal glucose tolerance. Interestingly, the glucose‐lowering efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists was reported to be greater in Asians than in non‐Asians. The difference in the treatment responses could be ascribed to a different pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (lower insulin secretory function and less insulin resistance), lower body mass index, different genetic makeups, preserved incretin effect and different food compositions in East Asians compared with other ethnic groups. Based on the currently available data, incretin‐based therapies appear to be safe and well tolerated in East Asians. Nevertheless, continuous pharmacovigilance is required. The characteristics of incretin biology and treatment responses to incretin‐based therapies should be considered in developing ethnicity‐specific treatment guidelines and making patient‐centered decisions for patients with type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes the characteristics of incretin biology and treatment responses to incretin‐based therapies in Asians. This information should be considered in developing ethnicity‐specific treatment guidelines and making patient‐centered decisions for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Journal Article
The assessment of psychological richness, meaning, and happiness with social media text data: Predictive accuracy and distinct behavioral correlates
Assessing well-being with social media text data is a promising method, but besides hedonic well-being, little is known about whether additional well-being dimensions, such as psychological richness and eudaimonic well-being, can be predicted from such data. We compare the predictive accuracy for hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, and the recently proposed construct of psychological richness in a large sample of Facebook users ( n = 2,644), and find that the inclusion of language features incrementally improved model prediction accuracy beyond demographic features for psychological richness, but not for hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. Psychological richness had the lowest overall prediction accuracy ( r = .21) followed by hedonic well-being ( r = .27) and eudeomonic well-being ( r = .29). The linguistic features associated with Psychological Richness were face valid, and in many instances the content and direction of the associations were unique to Psychological Richness, which provides discriminant validity evidence.
Journal Article
Steerable and Agile Light‐Fueled Rolling Locomotors by Curvature‐Engineered Torsional Torque
On‐demand photo‐steerable amphibious rolling motions are generated by the structural engineering of monolithic soft locomotors. Photo‐morphogenesis of azobenzene‐functionalized liquid crystal polymer networks (azo‐LCNs) is designed from spiral ribbon to helicoid helices, employing a 270° super‐twisted nematic molecular geometry with aspect ratio variations of azo‐LCN strips. Unlike the intermittent and biased rolling of spiral ribbon azo‐LCNs with center‐of‐mass shifting, the axial torsional torque of helicoid azo‐LCNs enables continuous and straight rolling at high rotation rates (≈720 rpm). Furthermore, center‐tapered helicoid structures with wide edges are introduced for effectively accelerating photo‐motilities while maintaining directional controllability. Irrespective of surface conditions, the photo‐induced rotational torque of center‐tapered helicoid azo‐LCNs can be transferred to interacting surfaces, as manifested by steep slope climbing and paddle‐like swimming multimodal motilities. Finally, the authors demonstrate continuous curvilinear guidance of soft locomotors, bypassing obstacles and reaching desired destinations through real‐time on‐demand photo‐steering.
Journal Article
Incretin hormones: Revolutionizing the treatment landscape for kidney and liver diseases in type 2 diabetes and obesity
Several ongoing trials are evaluating incretin‐based therapies, including GLP‐1 receptor agonists, for their effects on CKD and MASLD. These studies will offer insights into their potential for metabolic diseases in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Journal Article
Language-based EMA assessments help understand problematic alcohol consumption
Unhealthy alcohol consumption is a severe public health problem. But low to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with high subjective well-being, possibly because alcohol is commonly consumed socially together with friends, who often are important for subjective well-being. Disentangling the health and social complexities of alcohol behavior has been difficult using traditional rating scales with cross-section designs. We aim to better understand these complexities by examining individuals' everyday affective subjective well-being language, in addition to rating scales, and via both between- and within-person designs across multiple weeks.
We used daily language and ecological momentary assessment on 908 US restaurant workers (12692 days) over two-week intervals. Participants were asked up to three times a day to \"describe your current feelings\", rate their emotions, and report their alcohol behavior in the past 24 hours, including if they were drinking alone or with others.
Both between and within individuals, language-based subjective well-being predicted alcohol behavior more accurately than corresponding rating scales. Individuals self-reported being happier on days when drinking more, with language characteristic of these days predominantly describing socializing with friends. Between individuals (over several weeks), subjective well-being correlated much more negatively with drinking alone (r = -.29) than it did with total drinking (r = -.10). Aligned with this, people who drank more alone generally described their feelings as sad, stressed and anxious and drinking alone days related to nervous and annoyed language as well as a lower reported subjective well-being.
Individuals' daily subjective well-being, as measured via language, in part, explained the social aspects of alcohol drinking. Further, being alone explained this relationship, such that drinking alone was associated with lower subjective well-being.
Journal Article
Mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence to delay diabetes
Mitochondria are crucial for cell survival and function, partly through peptides encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Although mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of age-related diseases and senescence, the role of mitochondrial-genome-encoded peptides in pancreatic β-cell senescence during type 1 and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis is largely unexplored. Here we show that MOTS-c levels decrease with aging and senescence in pancreatic islet cells. Treating aged C57BL/6 mouse pancreatic islets with MOTS-c reduced pancreatic islet senescence by modulating nuclear gene expression and metabolites involved in β-cell senescence. MOTS-c treatment improved pancreatic islet senescence and glucose intolerance in S961-treated C57BL/6 and in nonobese diabetic mice. In humans, circulating MOTS-c levels are lower in type 2 diabetes patients compared with healthy controls. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial-encoded MOTS-c regulate pancreatic islet cell senescence and that MOTS-c could act as a senotherapeutic agent to prevent pancreatic islet cell senescence and diabetes progression.
Mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c reduces pancreatic cell senescence
Diabetes is a condition where the body struggles to manage blood sugar levels due to issues with insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Researchers have found that aging and stress can cause pancreatic cells to become ‘senescent’, meaning they stop working properly. This study explores how a small protein called MOTS-c, made by mitochondria, might help these cells function better. Researchers found that MOTS-c levels decline with aging in human serum and in publicly available datasets from both humans and mice. Researchers used mice to test if MOTS-c could reduce cell aging in the pancreas. They treated different groups of mice with MOTS-c and observed its effects on pancreatic cells. They also studied mouse cells to see if similar benefits occurred. The study found that MOTS-c treatment reduced signs of aging in pancreatic cells and improved their function. Results suggest that MOTS-c could be a promising treatment for diabetes by helping pancreatic cells stay healthy longer. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.
Journal Article
An extremely simple macroscale electronic skin realized by deep machine learning
Complicated structures consisting of multi-layers with a multi-modal array of device components,
i.e
., so-called patterned multi-layers, and their corresponding circuit designs for signal readout and addressing are used to achieve a macroscale electronic skin (e-skin). In contrast to this common approach, we realized an extremely simple macroscale e-skin only by employing a single-layered piezoresistive MWCNT-PDMS composite film with neither nano-, micro-, nor macro-patterns. It is the deep machine learning that made it possible to let such a simple bulky material play the role of a smart sensory device. A deep neural network (DNN) enabled us to process electrical resistance change induced by applied pressure and thereby to instantaneously evaluate the pressure level and the exact position under pressure. The great potential of this revolutionary concept for the attainment of pressure-distribution sensing on a macroscale area could expand its use to not only e-skin applications but to other high-end applications such as touch panels, portable flexible keyboard, sign language interpreting globes, safety diagnosis of social infrastructures, and the diagnosis of motility and peristalsis disorders in the gastrointestinal tract.
Journal Article
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy induces distinctive transcriptomic responses in liver, fat and muscle
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is the most commonly performed bariatric/metabolic surgery, exhibiting a high rate of diabetes remission in humans. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of VSG, we performed transcriptomic analysis of the liver, fat, and muscle in VSG mice. C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet were randomly assigned to sham or VSG surgery. The sham-operated mice were fed ad libitum (sham group) or pair-fed (sham-PF group) matching their food intake to the VSG-operated mice. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the liver, fat, and muscle using RNA sequencing was performed. VSG reduced body weight and improved glucose tolerance compared to the sham group, but not more than the sham-PF group. Improvement in fatty liver and adipose tissue inflammation was comparable between VSG and sham-PF. However, global gene expression profiles showed distinctive changes in the liver, fat, and muscle of the VSG group compared to both the sham or sham-PF groups. The liver showed the most prominent gene expression changes. Immune response-related pathways were commonly upregulated in the three organs of the VSG group compared to the sham or sham-PF. VSG induces organ-specific gene expression changes in the liver, fat, and muscle, which may play critical roles in metabolic improvements after VSG.
Journal Article