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In this study, the advanced chemical vapor transport (CVT) method in combination with the quenching effect is introduced for creating molybdenum oxide nanoparticle arrays, composed of the hierarchical structure of fine nanoparticles (NPs), which are vertically grown with a homogeneous coverage on the individual carbon fibers of carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrates. The obtained molybdenum oxide NPs hold a metastable high-temperature γ-Mo4O11 phase along with a stable α-MoO3 phase by the quenching effect. Furthermore, such a quenching effect forms thinner and smaller nanoparticle aggregates by suppressing the growth and coalescence of primary particles. The molybdenum oxide nanoparticle aggregates are prepared using two different types of precursors: MoO3 and a 1:1 (mol/mol) mixture of MoO3 and activated carbon. The results characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy show that the relative amount of α-MoO3 to γ-Mo4O11 within the prepared NPs is dependent on the precursor type; a lower amount of α-MoO3 to γ-Mo4O11 is obtained in the NPs prepared using the mixed precursor of MoO3 and carbon. This processing–structure landscape study can serve as the groundwork for the development of high-performance nanomaterials in various electronic and catalytic applications.

Synthetic methods produce libraries of colloidal nanocrystals with tunable physical properties by tailoring the nanocrystal size, shape, and composition. Here, we exploit colloidal nanocrystal diversity and design the materials, interfaces, and processes to construct all-nanocrystal electronic devices using solution-based processes. Metallic silver and semiconducting cadmium selenide nanocrystals are deposited to form high-conductivity and high-mobility thin-film electrodes and channel layers of field-effect transistors. Insulating aluminum oxide nanocrystals are assembled layer by layer with polyelectrolytes to form high—dielectric constant gate insulator layers for low-voltage device operation. Metallic indium nanocrystals are codispersed with silver nanocrystals to integrate an indium supply in the deposited electrodes that serves to passivate and dope the cadmium selenide nanocrystal channel layer. We fabricate all-nanocrystal field-effect transistors on flexible plastics with electron mobilities of 21.7 square centimeters per volt-second.

The chemiresistive gas-sensing properties of pristine Co9S8 film are little known despite its potential as a promising gas sensor material due to its intrinsic characteristics. In this study, a pristine polycrystalline Co9S8 film (approximately 440 nm in thickness) is fabricated by depositing a Co3O4 film followed by sulfidation to investigate its gas-sensing properties. The prepared Co9S8 film sensor is found to exhibit high responsiveness towards formaldehyde (HCHO), ethanol (C2H5OH), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at operating temperatures of 300 °C and 400 °C, with strong concentration dependence. On the other hand, the sensor shows very low or no responsiveness towards hydrogen (H2), acetone (CH3COCH3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These results enhance our understanding of the intrinsic gas-sensing properties of Co9S8, aiding in the design and fabrication of high-performance chemiresistive gas sensors based on Co9S8.

Herein, we report high electrocatalytic activity of monoclinic VO2 (M1 phase) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for the first time. The single-phase VO2 (M1) nanoparticles are prepared in the form of uniformly covering the surface of individual carbon fibers constituting a carbon fiber paper (CFP). The VO2 nanoparticles reveal the metal-insulator phase transition at ca. 65 °C (heating) and 62 °C (cooling) with low thermal hysteresis, indicating a high concentration of structural defect which is considered a grain boundary among VO2 nanoparticles with some particle coalescence. Consequently, the VO2/CFP shows a high electrocatalytic OER activity with the lowest η10 (350 mV) and Tafel slope (46 mV/dec) values in a 1 M aqueous solution of KOH as compared to those of the vacuum annealed V2O5 and the hydrothermally grown VO2 (M1), α-V2O5, and γ′-V2O5. The catalytically active site is considered V4+ components and V4+/5+ redox couples in VO2. The oxidation state of V4+ is revealed to be more favorable to the OER catalysis compared to that of V5+ in vanadium oxide through comparative studies. Furthermore, the amount of V5+ component is found to be increased on the surface of VO2 catalyst during the OER, giving rise to the performance degradation. This work suggests V4+ and its redox couple as a novel active component for the OER in metal-oxide electrocatalysts.

Electrochemical water splitting requires electrocatalysts that operate efficiently and durably under disparate electrolyte environments. Herein, pristine CuCoO2 particles were synthesized via a hydrothermal route as a single-phase rhombohedral (3R) delafossite structure composed of hexagonal, single-crystalline particles (~2.6 μm) with a uniform elemental distribution. The prepared CuCoO2 was then evaluated as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with a deliberate separation of electrode-level performance and intrinsic per-site activity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed mixed Cu+/Cu2+ and Co2+/Co3+ states, together with signatures of copper and oxygen vacancies, indicating a defect-rich surface chemistry. In 1 M KOH, the CuCoO2 loaded on carbon fiber paper (CFP) delivered an OER overpotential of 404.38 mV at 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH (Tafel slope = 102.39 mV/dec; charge-transfer resistance (Rct) decreased from 19.32 to 5.78 Ω with increasing potential) and an HER overpotential of 246.46 mV at −10 mA/cm2 in 0.5 M H2SO4, with sluggish kinetics (Tafel slope = 429.17 mV/dec; high Rct = ~1.0–1.1 kΩ). Despite this, CuCoO2 exhibited markedly higher intrinsic activity in acidic HER (ECSA = 82.97 cm2; TOF = 0.1432 s−1 at −0.2 V vs. RHE) than in alkaline OER (ECSA = 9.56 cm2; TOF = 0.079 s−1 at 1.5 V vs. RHE), indicating that acidic HER performance is primarily limited by electrode-level microstructural factors. This work provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first evaluation of acidic HER activity of delafossite CuCoO2 and underscores electrode-level microstructural engineering as a key route to better harness its intrinsic activity for practical water electrolysis.

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been investigated as a novel neuromodulation tool. Although taVNS is generally considered safe with only mild and transient adverse effects (AEs), those specifically caused by taVNS have not yet been investigated. This systematic review and meta-analysis on taVNS aimed to (1) systematically analyze study characteristics and AE assessment, (2) characterize and analyze possible AEs and their incidence, (3) search for predictable risk factors, (4) analyze the severity of AE, and (5) suggest an evidence-based taVNS adverse events questionnaire for safety monitoring. The articles searched were published through April 7, 2022, in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Lilacs databases. In general, we evaluated 177 studies that assessed 6322 subjects. From these, 55.37% of studies did not mention the presence or absence of any AEs; only 24.86% of the studies described that at least one adverse event occurred. In the 35 studies reporting the number of subjects with at least one adverse event, a meta-analytic approach to calculate the risk differences of developing an adverse event between active taVNS and controls was used. The meta-analytic overall adverse events incidence rate was calculated for the total number of adverse events reported on a 100,000 person-minutes-days scale. There were no differences in risk of developing an adverse event between active taVNS and controls. The incidence of AE, in general, was 12.84/100,000 person-minutes-days of stimulation, and the most frequently reported were ear pain, headache, and tingling. Almost half of the studies did not report the presence or absence of any AEs. We attribute this to the absence of AE in those studies. There was no causal relationship between taVNS and severe adverse events. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of transcutaneous auricular stimulation safety. Overall, taVNS is a safe and feasible option for clinical intervention.

The reliability and methodology of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have advanced.CHO-GEMs have aided in cell line and process development, thus impacting on biomanufacturing efficiency.An integrative model structure can incorporate multiple layers and capture condition-specific cell regulation.Integration of CHO-GEMs with artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced algorithms will enable autonomous bioreactor management for digital biomanufacturing. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are valuable for gaining mechanistic understanding of mammalian cell metabolism and cultures. We provide a comprehensive overview of past and present developments of CHO-GEMs and in silico methods within the flux balance analysis (FBA) framework, focusing on their practical utility in rational cell line development and bioprocess improvements. There are many opportunities for further augmenting the model coverage and establishing integrative models that account for different cellular processes and data for future applications. With supportive collaborative efforts by the research community, we envisage that CHO-GEMs will be crucial for the increasingly digitized and dynamically controlled bioprocessing pipelines, especially because they can be successfully deployed in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI) and systems engineering algorithms. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are valuable for gaining mechanistic understanding of mammalian cell metabolism and cultures. We provide a comprehensive overview of past and present developments of CHO-GEMs and in silico methods within the flux balance analysis (FBA) framework, focusing on their practical utility in rational cell line development and bioprocess improvements. There are many opportunities for further augmenting the model coverage and establishing integrative models that account for different cellular processes and data for future applications. With supportive collaborative efforts by the research community, we envisage that CHO-GEMs will be crucial for the increasingly digitized and dynamically controlled bioprocessing pipelines, especially because they can be successfully deployed in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI) and systems engineering algorithms.

With advances in computing power and deep learning, image-based pose estimation has become a viable tool for quantitative motion analysis. Compared to sensor-based systems, vision-based approaches are cost-effective, portable, and easy to deploy. However, when applied to golf swings, conventional similarity measures often fail to match expert perception, as they rely on static, frame-wise posture comparisons and require strict temporal alignment. We propose a Dynamic Motion Similarity Measurement (DMSM) framework that segments a swing into seven canonical phases—address, takeaway, half, top, impact, release, and finish—and evaluates the dynamic trajectories of joint keypoints within each phase. Unlike traditional DTW- or frame-based methods, our approach integrates continuous motion trajectories and normalizes joint coordinates to account for player body scale differences. Motion data are interpolated to improve temporal resolution, and numerical integration quantifies path differences, capturing motion flow rather than isolated postures. Quantitative experiments on side-view swing datasets show that DMSM yields stronger discrimination between same- and different-player pairs (phase-averaged separation: 0.092 vs. 0.090 for the DTW + cosine baseline) and achieves a clear biomechanical distinction in spine-angle trajectories (Δ = 38.68). Statistical analysis (paired t-test) confirmed that the improvement was significant (p < 0.05), and coach evaluations supported perceptual alignment. Although DMSM introduces a minor computational overhead (≈169 ms), it delivers more reliable phase-wise feedback and biomechanically interpretable motion analysis. This framework offers a practical foundation for AI-based golf swing analysis and real-time feedback systems in sports training, demonstrating improved perceptual consistency, biomechanical interpretability, and computational feasibility.

This study aimed to analyze the rates and risk factors of postoperative mortality among 560,954 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Korea. The National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening database was used to analyze 560,954 patients who underwent TKA between 2005 and 2018. In-hospital, ninety-day, and one-year postoperative mortality, and their association with patient’s demographic factors and various comorbidities (ie., cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction) were assessed. In-hospital, ninety-day and one-year mortality rates after TKA were similar from 2005 to 2018. The risk of in-hospital mortality increased with comorbidities like cerebrovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.401; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.064–1.844), congestive heart failure (HR = 2.004; 95% CI = 1.394 to 2.881), myocardial infarction (HR = 2.111; 95% CI = 1.115 to 3.998), and renal disease (HR = 2.641; 95% CI = 1.348–5.173). These co-morbidities were also independent predictors of ninety-day and one-year mortality. Male sex and old age were independent predictors for ninety-day and one-year mortality. And malignancy was risk factor for one-year mortality. The common preoperative risk factors for mortality in all periods were male sex, old age, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and renal disease. Malignancy was identified as risk factor for one-year mortality. Patients with these comorbidities should be provided better perioperative care.

We evaluated the reliability and accuracy of the noncontact CT-1P tonopachymeter (Topcon, Japan) in terms of intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT). One hundred sixty-three healthy participants and 33 patients with open angle glaucoma were enrolled. IOPs were measured by CT-1P (T-IOP) and Goldmann applanation tonometer (G-IOP), and CCTs were measured by the CT-1P (T-CCT) and an ultrasound pachymeter (US-CCT). Both CCT instrument-adjusted (T-IOP-C) and unadjusted T-IOPs (T-IOP-NC) were included. Pearson correlation coefficients and biases assessed with Bland–Altman analysis with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for reliability evaluation. Intrasession repeatability was excellent for both T-IOP (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.91) and T-CCT (ICC 0.98). Intersession reproducibility was also excellent for T-CCT (ICC 0.94). T-IOP-NC and T-IOP-C both showed significant correlations with G-IOP (r = 0.801, P  <  0.001 and r = 0.658, P  < 0.001, respectively). T-CCT was also strongly correlated with US-CCT (r = 0.958; P   < 0.001). T-IOP-NC and T-IOP-C both showed a positive bias (1.37 mmHg, 95% CI [1.14, 1.61] and 2.77 mmHg, 95% CI [2.49, 3.05], respectively). T-CCT showed a negative bias of − 17.3 µm (95% CI [−18.8, − 15.8]). With cautious interpretation, the CT-1P may offer good feasibility for IOP and CCT measurement in screening centers.