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Rationally manipulating the in situ formed catalytically active surface of catalysts remains a tremendous challenge for a highly efficient water electrolysis. Here we present a cationic redox-tuning method to modulate in situ catalyst leaching and to redirect the dynamic surface restructuring of layered LiCoO 2– x Cl x ( x  = 0, 0.1 or 0.2), for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Chlorine doping lowered the potential to trigger in situ cobalt oxidation and lithium leaching, which induced the surface of LiCoO 1.8 Cl 0.2 to transform into a self-terminated amorphous (oxy)hydroxide phase during the OER. In contrast, Cl-free LiCoO 2 required higher electrochemical potentials to initiate the in situ surface reconstruction to spinel-type Li 1± x Co 2 O 4 and longer cycles to stabilize it. Surface-restructured LiCoO 1.8 Cl 0.2 outperformed many state-of-the-art OER catalysts and demonstrated remarkable stability. This work makes a stride in modulating surface restructuring and in designing superior OER electrocatalysts via manipulating the in situ catalyst leaching. Rationally manipulating the in-situ-formed catalytically active surface of catalysts is a challenging but promising endeavour. Now, the surface of LiCoO 2 during water oxidation is engineered by Cl doping via a cationic redox-tuning method that modulates in situ leaching and redirects the dynamic surface restructuring.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) binds to and degrades low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to increase of LDL cholesterol in blood. Its blockers have emerged as promising therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases. Here we show that PCSK9 itself directly induces inflammation and aggravates atherosclerosis independently of the LDL receptor. PCSK9 exacerbates atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) is the main binding partner of PCSK9 and indispensable for the inflammatory action of PCSK9, including induction of cytokines, Toll like receptor 4, and scavenger receptors, enhancing the uptake of oxidized LDL. We find spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) to be the key mediators of inflammation after PCSK9-CAP1 binding. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, serum PCSK9 levels are positively correlated with Syk, PKCδ, and p65 phosphorylation. The CAP1-fragment crystallizable region (CAP1-Fc) mitigates PCSK9-mediated inflammatory signal transduction more than the PCSK9 blocking antibody evolocumab does. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) binds to and degrades low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to an increase of LDL cholesterol in blood. Here the authors show that PCSK9 itself directly induces inflammation and aggravates atherosclerosis independently of the LDL receptor.

Background Telenursing is poised to emerge as a novel healthcare delivery system in the digital age. Hence, understanding nursing students' perspectives and readiness is pivotal for its effective implementation. This study investigated nursing students' perceptions regarding, and attitudes toward, telenursing and the factors that influenced their attitudes based on the technology acceptance model. Methods This study used a cross-sectional descriptive approach. The participants consisted of 188 nursing students (first to fourth year) enrolled in the College of Nursing in Korea. Differences in attitudes toward telenursing were analyzed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlations between the main variables. Factors that influenced attitudes toward telenursing were analyzed using multiple regression. Results Of the participants, 65.4% lacked substantial awareness of telenursing and 19.1% had prior telenursing experience. Although prospects on telenursing indicated that 90.4% had an optimistic view, face-to-face nursing was heavily preferred for both satisfactory and favored healthcare delivery. Many cited the Internet as their source of knowledge, and only 18.6% had received telenursing education. Attitude toward telenursing was significantly more positive among those with experience of telenursing, telenursing observation in clinical practice, and telenursing education exposure. The regression model was statistically significant (F = 67.445, p  < .000). Factors, such as perceived usefulness, social influence, innovativeness, and self-efficacy, influenced attitudes toward telenursing. Conclusions Nursing students exhibited a lack of substantial awareness of telenursing; however, they simultaneously displayed a positive outlook. This lack of comprehensive understanding could stem from the absence of formal education in telenursing. Understanding and utilizing the potential of telenursing could be significantly aided by nursing students' education and knowledge. Thus, it is necessary to include telenursing education in the nursing curriculum. The skills and knowledge required for telenursing clinical practice can be developed through telenursing education. Such preparedness will affect nurses’ attitudes and intentions and the quality of telenursing offered to patients in the future.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a widely disseminated, macrophage-tropic arterivirus that exhibits profound genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity. The present study was conducted to determine the complete genome sequences of two novel Korean lineage 1 PRRSV-2 strains, KNU-1901 and KNU-1902, which were isolated from vaccinated pig farms experiencing unusually high morbidity and mortality. Both isolates contained notable discontinuous 423-nucleotide deletions (DELs) within the genes encoding nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) and GP3 when compared with the prototype strain VR-2332. In particular, the nsp2 DEL viruses had unique quadripartite discontinuous DEL signatures (111-1-19-9) in nsp2; this is an expanded version of the tripartite 111-1-19 DEL previously identified in virulent lineage 1 PRRSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both novel nsp2 DEL viruses belong to the Korean clade (KOR C) of lineage 1 isolates based on ORF5 but cluster with lineage KOR A strains based on the nsp2 or complete genome sequence. Recombination detection analysis suggested that both novel isolates are recombinants and may have evolved via natural inter-lineage recombination between circulating KOR A and KOR C strains. Interestingly, compared with the prototype VR-2332 virus, the novel nsp2 DEL variants were less efficient at promoting the expression of immune response genes in porcine alveolar macrophage culture. Taken together, we conclude that KNU-1901 and KNU-1902 are recently evolved recombinant variants of the virulent lineage 1 family that caused the regional severe PRRS outbreaks.

Background Community-based palliative care and hospice is essential for meeting the preferences of terminally ill patients and reducing healthcare costs. However, systematic research on the decision-making factors concerning the patients and family caregivers remains limited. This study aimed to identify and categorise the factors related to the patients’ and family caregivers’ decision-making in the use of palliative care or hospice within the community. Methods This systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42024612049) was conducted using the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Medline databases. Studies focusing on the patients’ and family caregivers’ decisions regarding palliative care and hospice were included, excluding the studies focusing solely on healthcare professionals. Four authors independently assessed the eligible studies and resolved discrepancies through discussion. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool 2018. The data were qualitatively synthesised using a narrative approach and a constant comparison model. Decision-making factors were categorised based on Andersen’s behavioural model of health services use taking into consideration predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Results Seven studies, four quantitative and three qualitative, were included. Sixteen factors, including five predisposing factors (age, education level, people in the household, experiences with institutional care, and death experience), four enabling factors (physician’s disclosure, communication partner, communication context, and information about options), and seven need factors (acknowledgement of terminal status, knowledge, perception, end-of-life wishes, caregiver’s commitment, preference for dying at home, and health condition), were identified. Conclusions Patient and caregiver characteristics, personal experience, communication context, knowledge, preferences, and physical condition were the key factors related to the decision to use palliative care and hospice. This study highlights the importance of addressing these factors to support informed and patient-centred decision-making in end-of-life care.

In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of the Asian spongy moth, Lymantria dispar asiatica Vnukovskii (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in Korea. We obtained 123 sequences of the species, including those from 26 regions in Korea. We analyzed the genetic diversity within the Korean samples (n = 87) and haplotype networks between the Korean and global samples (123 sequences from 26 regions in Korea and five other countries) using median-joining (MJ) network analysis. The results showed low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity (π = 0.00159; Hd = 0.660). The neutrality tests were also significantly negative. The MJ network recovered a star-shaped network with diverse populations in Korea, with 12 haplotypes and a dominating haplotype, H07, in all regions. Two haplogroups, Middle and Southern, were identified. The Middle haplogroup included haplotypes from Shandong, China, indicating shared populations between the two regions. In contrast, the Southern haplogroup, primarily found in ship and harbor samples, likely originated from invasive populations. This pattern reflects the influence of human activities such as international trade, highlighting the importance of strict monitoring at ports to prevent the introduction of invasive pests and to support effective forest pest management.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently accompany macrocephaly, which often involves hydrocephalic enlargement of brain ventricles. Katnal2 is a microtubule-regulatory protein strongly linked to ASD, but it remains unclear whether Katnal2 knockout (KO) in mice leads to microtubule- and ASD-related molecular, synaptic, brain, and behavioral phenotypes. We found that Katnal2-KO mice display ASD-like social communication deficits and age-dependent progressive ventricular enlargements. The latter involves increased length and beating frequency of motile cilia on ependymal cells lining ventricles. Katnal2-KO hippocampal neurons surrounded by enlarged lateral ventricles show progressive synaptic deficits that correlate with ASD-like transcriptomic changes involving synaptic gene down-regulation. Importantly, early postnatal Katnal2 re-expression prevents ciliary, ventricular, and behavioral phenotypes in Katnal2-KO adults, suggesting a causal relationship and a potential treatment. Therefore, Katnal2 negatively regulates ependymal ciliary function and its deletion in mice leads to ependymal ciliary hyperfunction and hydrocephalus accompanying ASD-related behavioral, synaptic, and transcriptomic changes.

Daily preferences are a reflection of how adults wish to have their needs and values addressed, contributing to joy and satisfaction in their daily lives. Clinical settings often regard older adults as a uniform group, neglecting the diversity within this population, which results in a shortfall of person-centered care that overlooks their distinct daily care preferences. At the heart of person-centered care lies the imperative to comprehend and integrate these preferences into the care process. Recognizing and addressing gender differences in older adults is critical to customizing care plans, thereby optimizing quality of life and well-being for individuals. This study addresses the need to understand the diverse daily care preferences of adults, particularly among older populations, who represent a growing demographic with unique needs and interests. This study aims to identify and analyze the key themes and daily care preferences from unstructured adult text narratives with a focus on uncovering gender-specific variations. This study used 4350 deidentified, unstructured textual data from MyDirectives (MyDirectives, Inc), an interactive online platform. Advanced topic modeling techniques were used to extract meaningful themes, and gender-specific term frequency and distribution were examined to identify gender differences in these elements. The study sample included 2883 women (mean age 63.02, SD 13.69 years) and 1467 men (mean age 67.07, SD 11.73 years). Our analysis identified six major themes: (1) \"entertainment\" (12.14%, 528/4350), (2) \"music\" (10.39%, 452/4350), (3) \"personal interests and memories\" (38.18%, 1661/4350), (4) \"intimate relationships\" (14.92%, 649/4350), (5) \"natural comforts\" (16.18%, 704/4350), and (6) \"emotional, cultural, and spiritual foundations\" (8.18%, 356/4350). Gender differences were evident: women were more likely to express preferences for \"personal interests and memories\" (40.7% vs 33.3%), \"natural comforts\" (18.4% vs 11.9%), and \"emotional and spiritual foundations\" (9.3% vs 6.1%) than men. Men expressed stronger preferences for \"entertainment\" (18.1% vs 9.1%) and \"music\" (16.8% vs 7.2%). Common terms across all participants included \"dog,\" \"love,\" \"friends,\" and \"book.\" Notably, the study revealed significant gender differences in daily care preferences, especially regarding familial relationships and entertainment choices. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing individual daily care preferences in person-centered care, particularly regarding gender. Understanding these preferences is crucial for improving care quality and patient satisfaction, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life for adults receiving care across our health care system.

Rice is one of the major food crops, particularly in Asia. However, it is vulnerable to high temperature and has high yield fluctuations. Monitoring crop growth and physiological responses to high temperatures can help us better understand the agricultural impacts of global warming. The aim of this study is to monitor growth, development, and physiological responses to high temperature conditions on paddy rice and to assess their combined effects on yield. In this study, changes to growth, maturity, and senescence in paddy rice throughout the growing season were identified under elevated air temperature conditions created by a temperature gradient field chamber (TGFC). That facility provides a gradient from the ambient air temperature (AT) to 3 °C above AT (AT + 3 °C). To represent crop physiology and productivity, we measured the plant height, chlorophyll, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) to assess growth and physiological processes, and heat stress effects on four yield measurements were assessed using the heating degree day index. Rice height increased more rapidly in the AT + 3 °C treatment from the early growth stage to heading, while SPAD and NDVI decreased more rapidly at AT after heading. The Amax of AT and AT + 3 °C was not significantly different in the tillering stage. However, it was higher at AT in the booting stage but higher at AT + 3 °C in the grain filling stage. These results indicate that paddy rice was not affected by heat stress at the tillering stage, but a cumulative effect emerged by the booting stage. Further, photosynthetic capacity was maintained much later into the grain filling stage at AT + 3 °C. These results will be useful for understanding the growth and physiological responses of paddy rice to global warming.

Increasing lithium contents within the lattice of positive electrode materials is projected in pursuit of high‐energy‐density batteries. However, it intensifies the release of lattice oxygen and subsequent gas evolution during operations. This poses significant challenges for managing internal pressure of batteries, particularly in terms of the management of gas evolution in composite electrodes—an area that remains largely unexplored. Conventional assumptions postulate that the total gas evolution is estimated by multiplying the total particle count by the quantities of gas products from an individual particle. Contrarily, this investigation on overlithiated materials—a system known to release the lattice oxygen—demonstrates that loading densities and inter‐particle spacing in electrodes significantly govern gas evolution rates, leading to distinct extents of gas formation despite of an equivalent quantity of released lattice oxygen. Remarkably, this study discoveres that O2 and CO2 evolution rates are proportional to 1O2 concentration by the factor of second and first‐order, respectively. This indicates an exceptionally greater change in the evolution rate of O2 compared to CO2 depending on local 1O2 concentration. These insights pave new routes for more sophisticated approaches to manage gas evolution within high‐energy‐density batteries. This study explores the impact of electrode configuration on gas evolution in high‐energy‐density batteries, Inter‐particle spacing depending on electrode loading densities significantly impacts the extent of O2 and CO2 evolution. This phenomena is attributed to the proportional relationships between O2 and CO2 evolution rates and 1O2 concentration. This provides insights for managing gas evolution in composite electrodes for enhanced performance.