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A bstract Neutrino oscillation experiments provide a unique window in exploring several new physics scenarios beyond the standard three flavour. One such scenario is quantum decoherence in neutrino oscillation which tends to destroy the interference pattern of neutrinos reaching the far detector from the source. In this work, we study the decoherence in neutrino oscillation in the context of the ESSnuSB experiment. We consider the energy-independent decoherence parameter and derive the analytical expressions for P μe and P μμ probabilities in vacuum. We have computed the capability of ESSnuSB to put bounds on the decoherence parameters namely, Γ 21 and Γ 32 and found that the constraints on Γ 21 are competitive compared to the DUNE bounds and better than the most stringent LBL ones from MINOS/MINOS+. We have also investigated the impact of decoherence on the ESSnuSB measurement of the Dirac CP phase δ CP and concluded that it remains robust in the presence of new physics.

A bstract Neutrino oscillations constitute an excellent tool to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. In this paper, we investigate the potential of the ESSnuSB experiment to constrain the effects of flavour-dependent long-range forces (LRFs) in neutrino oscillations, which may arise due to the extension of the Standard Model gauge group by introducing new U(1) symmetries. Focusing on three specific U(1) symmetries — L e − L μ , L e − L τ , and L μ − L τ , we demonstrate that ESSnuSB offers a favourable environment to search for LRF effects. Our analyses reveal that ESSnuSB can set 90% confidence level bounds of V eμ < 2.99 × 10 − 14 eV, V eτ < 2.05 × 10 − 14 eV, and V μτ < 1.81 × 10 − 14 eV, which are competitive to the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). It is also observed that reducing the systematic uncertainties from 5% to 2% improves the ESSnuSB limits on V αβ . Interestingly, we find limited correlations between LRF parameters and the less constrained lepton mixing parameters θ 23 and δ CP , preserving the robustness of ESSnuSB’s sensitivity to CP violation. Even under extreme LRF potentials ( V αβ ≫ 10 − 13 eV), the CP-violation sensitivity and δ CP precision remain largely unaffected. These results establish ESSnuSB as a competitive experimental setup for probing LRF effects, complementing constraints from other neutrino sources and offering critical insights into the physics of long-range forces.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of 2 different types of Cotrel-Dubousset instrument systems in stabilising thoracolumbar and lumbar spine fractures. Methods. Between January 1989 and December 1993, 45 fractures in 42 patients with unstable fracture or fracture dislocation of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spines were randomly assigned to 2 surgical treatments with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation—using either a long segment (Group 1) or a short segment (Group 2)—and short posterolateral fusion. Results. Consolidation of the fractured vertebral body and posterolateral fusion were achieved at a mean time of 4.5 months; fusion rates were 75% in Group 1 and 83% in Group 2. The average collapses of anterior vertebral body height in Group 1, in the immediate postoperative period and at the final follow-up, were 15% and 17%, respectively; and in Group 2, the figures were 16% and 24%, respectively. The correction of vertebral height and kyphosis at the last follow-up were lost more in Group 2 (5.7°) than in Group 1 (4.4°). There were neurological recoveries in 6 of the 9 cases of incomplete paraplegics, including complete recovery in 5, and one-Frankel grade increase in one. There were 15 instrument failures in 12 patients, including screw breakage in 3 Group 1 cases and 6 Group 2 cases. The plug dislodged in 3 Group 1 cases, and the hook dislodged in 3 Group 2 cases. In other words, instrument failures were more common in Group 2. Conclusion. Cotrel-Dubousset stabilisation of the fractured spine achieves fracture consolidation, but does not maintain the restored height and sagittal curve completely until fusion. The long rod and short fusion construct was more effective for all fracture types than was the short rod and fusion construct, although it leads to wider immobilisation of normal segments.

Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of Brooks' posterior stabilisation and fusion for the unstable atlantoaxial joint due to congenital dysplastic dens and trauma. Methods. We retrospectively studied records of 54 patients (36 males and 18 females; age range, 3–58 years) who underwent Brooks' posterior stabilisation procedure between March 1975 and December 1999, at the Catholic University of Korea Medical Center and Dong-Shin General Hospital, Seoul. A single-stranded Kirschner wire was used to stabilise the first 19 cases (thin wires in 12 cases and thick wires in 7), and double-stranded wires were used in the next 35 cases (thin wires in 4 cases and thick wires in 31). After surgery, patients were immobilised in bed with light Halter traction of the head, followed by cervical bracing. Results. Fusion was observed by X-ray postoperatively at 15 weeks in 48 patients. Reduction was achieved in 3 luxation cases (including the single case of rotatory fixation). Brooks' fusion failed in 4 patients with dens fractures and 2 with dens anomaly. Four dens fractures in cases of successful Brooks' fusion in Brooks' fusion did not unite. Wire failure occurred in 4 cases of thin single-stranded wire fixation, namely, 2 cases of dens fractures and 2 of dens anomaly. Conclusion. Brooks' procedure is safe and has a high fusion rate when double-stranded strong wire fixation of the atlantoaxial joint is combined with meticulous bone grafting and subsequent cervical bracing.

Trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein, is highly expressed in the root tuber of Trichosanthes kirilowii when grown under normal greenhouse conditions. The expression level of trichosanthin was significantly reduced when the seeds were germinated and subsequently grown in a sterile environment. However, co-cultivation of the sterile T. kirilowii with microorganisms results in an accumulated level of trichosanthin suggesting a possible role of trichosanthin in defence against pathogens.

A bstract This study provides an analysis of atmospheric neutrino oscillations at the ESSnuSB far detector facility. The prospects of the two cylindrical Water Cherenkov detectors with a total fiducial mass of 540 kt are investigated over 10 years of data taking in the standard three-flavor oscillation scenario. We present the confidence intervals for the determination of mass ordering, θ 23 octant as well as for the precisions on sin 2 θ 23 and Δ m 31 2 . It is shown that mass ordering can be resolved by 3 σ CL (5 σ CL) after 4 years (10 years) regardless of the true neutrino mass ordering. Correspondingly, the wrong θ 23 octant could be excluded by 3 σ CL after 4 years (8 years) in the case where the true neutrino mass ordering is normal ordering (inverted ordering). The results presented in this work are complementary to the accelerator neutrino program in the ESSnuSB project.

Neutrino oscillation experiments provide a unique window in exploring several new physics scenarios beyond the standard three flavour. One such scenario is quantum decoherence in neutrino oscillation which tends to destroy the interference pattern of neutrinos reaching the far detector from the source. In this work, we study the decoherence in neutrino oscillation in the context of the ESSnuSB experiment. We consider the energy-independent decoherence parameter and derive the analytical expressions for P\\(_ e\\) and P\\(_ \\) probabilities in vacuum. We have computed the capability of ESSnuSB to put bounds on the decoherence parameters namely, \\(_21\\) and \\(_32\\) and found that the constraints on \\(_21\\) are competitive compared to the DUNE bounds and better than the most stringent LBL ones from MINOS/MINOS+. We have also investigated the impact of decoherence on the ESSnuSB measurement of the Dirac CP phase \\(_ CP\\) and concluded that it remains robust in the presence of new physics.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare dermatological condition characterized by the rapid progression of a painful, necrolytic ulcer with an irregular, undermined border and commonly affects the lower extremities, mainly in the pretibial area. The diagnosis of PG is not easy. Due to lack of diagnostic laboratory test and histopathological findings indicative of PG, it is often misdiagnosed as an infection. This results in delayed or inappropriate treatment of the condition, which leads to devastating consequences such as limb amputation and death. We report a rare case of a 51-year-old female who was initially diagnosed as having infected ulcers and underwent serial debridements, which resulted in extensive PG at three different sites (abdominal, left thigh, and sacral). This case highlights the challenges in diagnosing PG, emphasizes the key clinical features to aid diagnosis, and the clinical consequences of delayed or misdiagnosis of this condition.

The ESSnuSB experiment aims to measure the leptonic CP phase \\(\\delta_{CP}\\) with an unprecedented resolution by probing neutrino oscillations at the second oscillation maximum. In the present work, the complementarity between the long-baseline neutrino program and atmospheric neutrinos is investigated for ESSnuSB. By simulating atmospheric neutrino events equivalent of 5.4 Mt\\(\\cdot\\)year exposure, the resolution for \\(\\delta_{\\rm CP}^{}\\) is found to improve from \\(7.5^\\circ\\) (\\(6.7^\\circ\\)) to \\(7.1^\\circ\\) (\\(6.5^\\circ\\)) at \\(1\\sigma\\)~CL for \\(\\delta_{\\rm CP}^{} = -90^\\circ\\) (\\(+90^\\circ\\)) with respect to super-beam neutrinos, resolving also the degeneracies arising from neutrino mass ordering. These findings highlight the synergies that exist between super-beam neutrinos and atmospheric neutrinos in ESSnuSB.

Fundamental neutron and neutrino physics at neutron sources, combining precision measurements and theory, can probe new physics at energy scales well beyond the highest energies probed by the LHC and possible future high energy collider facilities. The European Spallation Source (ESS) will in the not too far future be a most powerful pulsed neutron source and simultaneously the world's brightest pulsed neutrino source. The ESS, and neutron sources in general, can provide unprecedented and unique opportunities to contribute to the search for the missing elements in the Standard Model of particle physics. Currently there are no strong indications where hints of the origin of the new physics will emerge. A multi-pronged approach will provide the fastest path to fill the gaps in our knowledge and neutron sources have a pivotal role to play. To survey the ongoing and proposed physics experiments at neutron sources and assess their potential impact, a workshop was held at Lund University in January, 2025. This report is a summary of that workshop and has been prepared as input to the European Strategy Update.