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"Choudhury, S."
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What works in interventions targeting loneliness: a systematic review of intervention characteristics
Background
Loneliness has been linked to negative health and economic outcomes across the life course. Health effects span both physical and mental health outcomes, including negative health behaviours, lower well-being, and increased mortality. Loneliness is however preventable with effective intervention. This systematic review aims to identify what has worked in interventions for loneliness to guide the development of future interventions.
Methods
Eight electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice, Social Sciences Citation Index, Epistemonikos, CINAHL, Cochrane Library) were systematically searched from inception to February 2022 using terms for intervention and loneliness to identify relevant interventions in the general population. No restrictions on age, socio-economic status, or geographic location were imposed. Studies were to measure loneliness as the primary outcome through a validated scale or single-item question. Case studies were excluded. Additional studies were identified through citation chasing. Extracted data included study and intervention characteristics, and intervention effectiveness for cross-study comparison. Critical appraisal was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools before the studies were summarised in a narrative synthesis.
Results
Searches identified 4,734 hits, from which 22 studies were included in this review. Of these studies, 14 were effective in reducing loneliness. Additionally, five studies presented unclear findings, and three concluded no decrease in loneliness. Interventions varied between group vs. individual format, online vs. in person delivery, and regarding both intervention duration and individual session length. Furthermore, this review highlighted five key areas when considering designing an intervention for loneliness: use of between session interaction, inclusion of clear learning mechanisms, role of active participation, number of opportunities for group or facilitator interaction, and variation in teaching and learning styles.
Conclusions
Group sessions seem preferred to individual formats, and interaction through active participation and group or facilitator contact appear beneficial, however studies also recognised the importance of a person-tailored approach to delivery. Studies suggest there is no ‘quick fix’ to loneliness, but that learnt practices, behaviours, and community connection should be built into one’s lifestyle to achieve sustained intervention effectiveness. Future interventions should consider longer follow-up periods, male and populations with lower educational levels.
Journal Article
Activation and Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by RNA Viruses
Inflammation refers to the response of the immune system to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, or other foreign particles in the body, which can involve the production of a wide array of soluble inflammatory mediators. It is important for the development of many RNA virus-infected diseases. The primary factors through which the infection becomes inflammation involve inflammasome. Inflammasomes are proteins complex that the activation is responsive to specific pathogens, host cell damage, and other environmental stimuli. Inflammasomes bring about the maturation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-18 and IL-1β in order to mediate the innate immune defense mechanisms. Many RNA viruses and their components, such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2B viroporin, the viral RNA of hepatitis C virus, the influenza virus M2 viroporin, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) small hydrophobic (SH) viroporin, and the human rhinovirus (HRV) 2B viroporin can activate the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to influence the inflammatory response. On the other hand, several viruses use virus-encoded proteins to suppress inflammation activation, such as the influenza virus NS1 protein and the measles virus (MV) V protein. In this review, we summarize how RNA virus infection leads to the activation or inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Journal Article
Evolving wormhole geometry from dark matter energy density
We analyse traversable wormholes defined by the dynamic line elements that asymptotically approach Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe. These dynamical wormholes is supported by the galactic dark matter as well as perfect isotropic fluid. We will discuss several evolving Lorentzian wormholes comprising with different perfect isotropic fluids in addition to various scale factors. We will speculate the various significance, features and throat energy conditions for these evolving traversable Lorentzian wormholes.
Journal Article
Euclidean quantum wormholes
We study wormhole as the solution of the Wheeler–DeWitt (WdW) equation satisfying Hawking–Page wormhole boundary conditions in Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology. The quantum wormholes are formulated with arbitrary factor ordering of the Hamiltonian constraint operators with perfect fluid matter sources as well as minimally coupled scalar fields.
Journal Article
Computational investigation of LiMgZ half-heusler phases where Z = P, as, and Bi for optoelectronic and photoelectronic applications
This study investigates the structural, electronic, mechanical, elastic anisotropic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of LiMgZ (Z = P, As, Bi) half-Heusler compounds using Density Functional Theory (DFT) as implemented in the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP). Structural optimization confirms the stability of these compounds in cubic crystalline structures. Detailed analysis of electronic band structures and density of states (DOS) reveals direct band gaps for LiMgP, LiMgAs, and LiMgBi of 1.53 eV, 1.33 eV, and 0.43 eV, respectively, indicating their semiconductor behavior. Mechanical stability and brittleness assessments were performed using computed elastic constants, which satisfy the Born stability criteria. Furthermore, evaluations of elastic moduli indicate that LiMgP and LiMgAs display elastic isotropy, while LiMgBi exhibits notable elastic anisotropy, highlighting its directional dependence in mechanical responses. Important optical properties, including absorption coefficient, dielectric function, electrical conductivity, reflectivity, refractive index, and loss function, were thoroughly examined. The results demonstrated pronounced photoconductive behavior, high optical reflectivity, and suitable dielectric characteristics, suggesting the materials significant potential for applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics devices. Additionally, these compounds exhibit low minimum thermal conductivity (
K
min
) and a reduced Debye temperature (
θ
D
), making them promising candidates for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications in advanced thermal management technologies.
Journal Article
Solar and Wind Energy Integrated System Frequency Control: A Critical Review on Recent Developments
A paradigm shift in power systems is observed due to the massive integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) as distributed generators. Mainly, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind generators are extensively integrated with the modern power system to facilitate green efforts in the electrical energy sector. However, integrating these RESs destabilizes the frequency of the modern power system. Hitherto, the frequency control has not drawn sufficient attention due to the reduced inertia and complex control of power electronic converters associated with renewable energy conversion systems. Thus, this article provides a critical summary on the frequency control of solar PV and wind-integrated systems. The frequency control issues with advanced techniques, including inertia emulation, de-loading, and grid-forming, are summarized. Moreover, several cutting-edge devices in frequency control are outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to control the frequency of high-level RESs integrated systems are well documented. The possible improvements of existing approaches are outlined. The key research areas are identified, and future research directions are mentioned so that cutting-edge technologies can be adopted, making the review article unique compared to the existing reviews. The article could be an excellent foundation and guidance for industry personnel, researchers, and academicians.
Journal Article
FEM and experimental analysis to study the effect of tool wear on the surface integrity of finish hard turned EN31 steel
Tensile residual stresses along with the brittle white layer, produced on the work piece, limits the use of hard turning process at the shop floor. In this work, the effect of tool flank wear on the residual stresses has been studied along with correlation of the residual stresses with the white layer developed during hard turning of EN31 steel using a CBN insert when machining with a tool having predefined flank wear. FEM based machining model was developed to predict the residual stress in the subsurface region. Effect of flank wear on the residual stresses induced in the machined work piece subsurface region was analyzed. Stress profiles became less compressive (or more tensile) with increase in the cutting speed as well as with higher flank wear. The correlation analysis showed a high degree of correlation of the residual stresses with tool wear and white layer thickness observed experimentally.
Journal Article
Deterministic control of ferroelastic switching in multiferroic materials
Multiferroic materials showing coupled electric, magnetic and elastic orderings provide a platform to explore complexity and new paradigms for memory and logic devices. Until now, the deterministic control of non-ferroelectric order parameters in multiferroics has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate deterministic ferroelastic switching in rhombohedral BiFeO
3
by domain nucleation with a scanning probe. We are able to select among final states that have the same electrostatic energy, but differ dramatically in elastic or magnetic order, by applying voltage to the probe while it is in lateral motion. We also demonstrate the controlled creation of a ferrotoroidal order parameter. The ability to control local elastic, magnetic and torroidal order parameters with an electric field will make it possible to probe local strain and magnetic ordering, and engineer various magnetoelectric, domain-wall-based and strain-coupled devices.
Ferroelectric domains in multiferroic materials can be engineered through the lateral motion of a biased scanning probe tip.
Journal Article
Cutting force modeling considering tool wear effect during turning of hardened AISI 4340 alloy steel using multi-layer TiCN/Al2O3/TiN-coated carbide tools
This study attempts to develop a cutting force model under oblique cutting conditions considering tool wear effect during turning of hardened steel with coated carbide tools to address metal cutting issues such as tool life, dimensional accuracy, and surface finish. Forces in worn out tool have been modeled by summing up forces in sharp tool and the forces due to flank wear alone. Waldorf’s orthogonal force modeling approach is extended to 3-D cutting force analysis to model cutting forces due to flank wear alone. Forces in sharp tool and average interface temperature generated during machining are modeled using regression analysis. Shear flow stress, shear angle, and other model prerequisites are determined using equivalent cutting edge geometry in place of the actual cutting edge of tools having nose radius. Worn tool cutting force model is validated in turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel at different levels of hardness 35 and 45 HRC, respectively, using multi-layer TiCN/Al
2
O
3
/TiN-coated carbide tools. The quantitative agreement between experimental result and that of a developed model of worn tool cutting forces is favorably good with an average error of less than ±5 % with a maximum error of 11 %, which showed that the developed model is reliable and could be used effectively for predicting the forces in worn out tool within the domain of the cutting parameters.
Journal Article