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Awareness about wind energy is constantly growing in the world. Especially a demand for small scale wind turbine is increasing and various products are available in market. There are mainly two types of wind turbines, horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbines. Horizontal axis wind turbines are suitable for high wind speed whereas vertical axis wind turbines operate relatively low wind speed area. Vertical axis wind turbines are cost effective and simple in construction as compared to the horizontal axis wind turbine. However, vertical axis wind turbines have inherent problem of self-start inability and has low power coefficient as compare to the horizontal axis wind turbine. These two problems can be eliminated by incorporating the blade pitching mechanism. So, in this paper overview of various pitch control systems is discussed and design of self-acting pitch mechanism is given. A pitch control linkage mechanism for vertical axis wind turbine is modeled by multi-body approach using MSC Software. Aerodynamic loads are predicted from a mathematical model based on double multiple stream tube method. An appropriate airfoil which works at low Reynolds number is selected for blade design. It is also focused on commercialization of the vertical axis wind turbine which incorporates the self-acting pitch control system. These aerodynamic load model will be coupled with the multi-body model in future work for optimization of the pitch control linkage mechanism. A 500 Watt vertical axis wind turbine is designed and it is planned to implement the self-acting pitch control mechanism in real model.

Nowadays, small vertical axis wind turbines are receiving more attention due to their suitability in micro-electricity generation. There are few vertical axis wind turbine designs with good power curve. However, the efficiency of power extraction has not been improved. Therefore, an attempt has been made to utilize high lift technology for vertical axis wind turbines in order to improve power efficiency. High lift is obtained by double-element airfoil mainly used in aeroplane wing design. In this current work a low Reynolds number airfoil is selected to design a double-element airfoil blade for use in vertical axis wind turbine to improve the power efficiency. Double-element airfoil blade design consists of a main airfoil and a slat airfoil. Orientation of slat airfoil is a parameter of investigation in this paper and air flow simulation over double-element airfoil. With primary wind tunnel test an orientation parameter for the slat airfoil is initially obtained. Further a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics of double-element airfoil. The CFD simulations were carried out using ANSYS CFX software. It is observed that there is an increase in the lift coefficient by 26% for single-element airfoil at analysed conditions. The CFD simulation results were validated with wind tunnel tests. It is also observe that by selecting proper airfoil configuration and blade sizes an increase in lift coefficient can further be achieved.

Edentulism impairs mastication and dietary choices in older adults, often leading to malnutrition and associated health risks. Despite being a routine practice, the impact of prosthodontic rehabilitation on systemic and nutritional health outcomes is yet unknown. To systematically review the effects of prosthodontic rehabilitation on nutritional and general health outcomes in elderly edentulous individuals and compare outcomes across prosthetic modalities. A systematic review was conducted per PRISMA 2020 and PROSPERO registration (CRD420251147518) across PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus. Eligible studies included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and clinical and observational studies assessing prosthodontic rehabilitation in adults ≥ 60 years of age that reported nutritional and general health outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed via the risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies. Narrative synthesis was undertaken as the included studies differed substantially in their designs, interventions, and outcome measures. Fifteen studies (six RCTs and nine observational) were included. Masticatory function and quality of life related to oral health were consistently enhanced by prosthodontic rehabilitation. When denture provision was coupled with dietary advice, nutritional status improved. Bite power, mastication, and meal variety were all enhanced by implant-supported and single-implant overdentures; however, biochemical marker alterations were not consistent. Data pertaining to systemic outcomes are scarce (frailty, morbidity, and mortality). Prosthodontic rehabilitation in elderly individuals improves chewing and quality of life, with modest but consistent benefits for nutritional outcomes. Stronger effects occur when combined with dietary counseling. Evidence for systemic outcomes remains limited. Future multicenter RCTs with longer follow-up periods and standardized nutritional endpoints are warranted.

Primary immune regulatory disorders are a newly coined term for a group of disorders in which autoimmune complications predominate. Herein, we present a case series of 26 patients with various regulatory T-cell (Treg) pathway defects who presented with multiple autoimmune complications. Twenty-six patients with pathogenic variants in T regulatory pathway genes were included, and their clinical data were evaluated. The median age at onset was 4.25 years, and the median delay in diagnosis was 2 years. The male-to-female ratio was 17:9. Thirteen children had LRBA deficiency, five had CTLA4 defect, two had IPEX, two had Cluster of differentiation 25 (CD25) defect, two had signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) Gain of function (GOF), and two had Fermitin family member 1 (FERMT1). Autoimmune cytopenia was the most common form of autoimmunity observed. Other autoimmune diseases included autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, enteropathy, type 1 diabetes mellitus, thyroiditis, central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and dermatitis. Most patients had evidence of lymphoproliferation with generalized lymphadenopathy and/or hepatosplenomegaly; 7/21 had hypogammaglobulinemia, 13/22 had low B-cell subsets, and 6/22 had low Cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) levels. The treatments were diverse and included corticosteroids, cyclosporine, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and rituximab. After diagnosis, 12 patients were started on mTOR inhibitors, four on abatacept, and two on JAK inhibitors, with better control of autoimmunity. Five children underwent HSCT, and four are currently doing well. Patients with Treg deficiency present a broad range of clinical manifestations. A high index of suspicion for a monogenic cause of polyautoimmunity in early childhood can reduce delays in diagnosis. With the increasing availability of targeted therapies, the outcomes of these patients can be significantly improved.

To estimate the prevalence of monogenic inborn errors of immunity in patients with autoimmune diseases (AID), the study included 56 subjects (male:female ratio: 1.07) with mean age of onset of autoimmunity 7 years (4 months–46 years). 21/56 had polyautoimmunity. 5/56 patients met the JMF criteria for PID. The different AID referred were hematological (42%) > gastrointestinal (GI) (16%) > skin (14%) > endocrine (10%) > rheumatological (8%) > renal (6%) > neurological (2%). 36/56 reported recurrent infections. 27/56 were on polyimmunotherapy. 18/52 (35%) had CD19 lymphopenia, 24/52 (46%) had CD4 lymphopenia, 11/52 (21%) had CD8 lymphopenia, and 14/48 (29%) had NK lymphopenia. 21/50 (42%) had hypogammaglobinemia; 3 of whom were given rituximab. 28/56 were found to have pathogenic variants among PIRD genes. These 28 patients had 42 AID among which hematological was most common (50%) > GI (14%) = skin (14%)> endocrine (9%) > rheumatological (7%) > renal and neurological (2%). Hematological AID was the most common AID (75%) in children with PIRD. Positive predictive value (PPV) of abnormal immunological tests was 50% and sensitivity of 70%. JMF criteria had specificity of 100% in identifying PIRD and sensitivity of 17%. Polyautoimmunity had a PPV of 35% and sensitivity of 40%. 11/28 of these children were offered transplant. 8/28 were started on sirolimus, 2/28 on abatacept, and 3/28 on baricitinib/ruxolitinib after diagnosis. In conclusion, 50% of children with AID have underlying PIRD. LRBA deficiency and STAT1 GOF were the most common PIRD. Age at presentation, number of autoimmunity, routine immunological tests, and JMF criteria are not predictive of underlying PIRD. Early diagnosis with exome sequencing alters the prognosis and opens new therapeutic avenue.