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Accumulated evidence suggests a physiological relationship between the transcription factor NRF3 (NFE2L3) and cancers. Under physiological conditions, NRF3 is repressed by its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sequestration. In response to unidentified signals, NRF3 enters the nucleus and modulates gene expression. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the nuclear translocation of NRF3 and its target gene in cancer cells remain poorly understood. We herein report that multiple regulation of NRF3 activities controls cell proliferation. Our analyses reveal that under physiological conditions, NRF3 is rapidly degraded by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) ubiquitin ligase HRD1 and valosin-containing protein (VCP) in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, NRF3 is also degraded by β-TRCP, an adaptor for the Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase in the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of NRF3 from the ER requires the aspartic protease DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 2 (DDI2) but does not require inhibition of its HRD1-VCP-mediated degradation. Finally, NRF3 mediates gene expression of the cell cycle regulator U2AF homology motif kinase 1 (UHMK1) for cell proliferation. Collectively, our study provides us many insights into the molecular regulation and biological function of NRF3 in cancer cells.

Shigella a Gram-negative, non-motile bacillus, is the primary causative agent of the infectious disease shigellosis, which kills 1.1 million people worldwideevery year. The children under the age of five are primarily the victims of this disease. This study has been conducted to assess the prevalence of shigellosis through selective plating, biochemical test and conventional PCR assays, where the samples were collected from suspected diarrheoal patients. Invasive plasmid antigen H ( ipaH ) and O-antigenic rfc gene were used to identify Shigella spp . and S . flexneri respectively. For validation of these identification, PCR product of ipaH gene of a sample ( Shigella flexneri MZS 191) has been sequenced and submitted to NCBI database (GenBank accession no- MW774908.1). Further this strain has been used as positive control. Out of 204, around 14.2% (n = 29)(P> 0.01) pediatric diarrheoal cases were screened as shigellosis. Another interesting finding was that most of shigellosis affected children were 7 months to 1 year (P> 0.01).The significance of this study lies in the analyses of the occurrenceand the molecular identification of Shigellaspp . and S . flexneri that can be utilized in improving the accurate identification and the treatment of the most severe and alarming shigellosis.

The use of antibiotics on a regular and excessive basis is a major factor in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Patients discharge un-metabolized or relatively low doses of non-metabolized antibiotics through urine and stool, which might enter into the environment through sewage disposal and promote the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study is designed to investigate how excessive use of antibiotics in the hospital sector and their release into hospital wastes contribute to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in different environmental settings. In this study, liquid hospital waste was collected from the sewage of Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Bangladesh as well as from its distribution position in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. A total of 5 samples were collected from different positions in Chittagong city, including CMCH liquid waste. After collection, total bacteria and total cefixime resistant bacteria were counted by the total viable count (TVC) method. The result of bacteriological enumeration showed that a high magnitude of cefixime-resistant bacteria were available in all the hospital’s associated waste samples. The highest proportion of cefixime resistant bacteria (23.35%) was found in sample 2, whereas 17.4%, 7.6%, 5%, and 1.32% were found in samples 1, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The total number of cefixime-resistant bacteria decreased with the increase in distance between the sample collection site and the hospital drain. This means that resistant bacteria developed in the hospital effluent are transferred to the environmental distribution sites.

In developing countries, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance is increasing day by day and antibiotic resistant microorganisms are being found in almost every environmental setting. Plasmids are considered as the main vector in the procurement and propagation of antibiotic resistance in many microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). The goal of this study was to examine the antibiotic resistance and screening of plasmid in E. coli strains which were previously identified from human sewage samples. During this study antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 5 antibiotics (ampicilin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin). Furthermore, plasmid extraction of each isolate was done according to the protocol of FavorPrepTMPlasmid Mini Kit and plasmid profiling was done by agarose gel electrophoresis. In antibiotic sensitivity test, all E. coli strains showed resistance to ampicilin, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone. In the plasmid profiling, it was revealed that all the isolates of E. coli harbored plasmids. The plasmid sizes ranged from approximately 1.5 to 15 kb. The findings of this study prove the consequences of antibiotic resistance as well as relationship of plasmid with antibiotic resistance which necessitates proper surveillance on antibiotic usage in the developing countries.

Typhoid is a major public health concern. Even though antibiotics are usually used to treat typhoid fever, the spread of multi drug resistant Salmonella typhi is making antibiotics much less effective. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi from the clinical samples. During this study, 154 blood samples of suspected typhoid patients were collected from the hospital and diagnostic center located in Chattogram City, Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of Salmonella typhi was done by both biochemical tests. PCR analysis was also done for the confirmation of biochemical result. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefepime, cotrimoxazole, ceptriaxone, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and azithtomycin. Out of 154, 21 (13.64%) isolates were identified as Salmonella typhi and the prevalence of typhoid in Chattogram, Bangladesh was 13.64% (n = 21). It was also found that children under the age of 5 are the more vulnerable target of Salmonella typhi infection. Antibiotic resistance profiling revealed 85% isolates were Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) and highest resistance was found in case of Nalidixic acid. Although, most of the isolated Salmonella typhi were MDR, first generation antibiotics Co-trimoxazile, Chloramphenicol, and Ampicillin were found effective against Salmonella typhi.

Antibiotic-resistance genes carried by coliforms in drinking water is a concerning issue for public health in Bangladesh. This research was carried out to identify coliforms in drinking water and to understand the importance of the int1 gene of coliforms in the spread of resistance to bacterial antibiotics through consumption of contaminated water. A total of 31 drinking water samples were collected from restaurants (n = 18), health center (n = 9), and residences (n = 4) located in Chattogram City, Bangladesh. The isolation and identification of coliforms was performed on selective media with a combination of biochemical and molecular analysis. PCR amplification of the LacZ, uidA and int1 genes was carried out for the identification of the coliform and fecal coliform and antibiotic resistant gene, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with McFarland standard against three selective antibiotics including co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin. Of 31 drinking water samples, coliforms were detected within 32% (n = 10) of the water samples, nine samples were collected in restaurants and one sample in a residence. But no coliform was detected in the drinking water of the health center. Among the identified coliforms, the prevalence of fecal coliforms and the int1 gene was 60% (n = 6) and 40% (n = 4), relatively. All isolates containing the int1 microbial-resistance gene were resistant to ampicillin.This study shows that drinking water consumed in different restaurants located in Chattogram, Bangladesh is contaminated by antibiotic-resistant gene bearing coliforms that not only increase the risk of water-borne disease, but also may be the major cause of antibiotic resistance transmission in this part of Bangladesh.

Antibiotic-resistance genes carried by coliforms in drinking water is a concerning issue for public health in Bangladesh. This research was carried out to identify coliforms in drinking water and to understand the importance of the int1 gene of coliforms in the spread of resistance to bacterial antibiotics through consumption of contaminated water. A total of 31 drinking water samples were collected from restaurants ( n  = 18), health center ( n  = 9), and residences ( n  = 4) located in Chattogram City, Bangladesh. The isolation and identification of coliforms was performed on selective media with a combination of biochemical and molecular analysis. PCR amplification of the LacZ, uidA and int1 genes was carried out for the identification of the coliform and fecal coliform and antibiotic resistant gene, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with McFarland standard against three selective antibiotics including co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin. Of 31 drinking water samples, coliforms were detected within 32% ( n  = 10) of the water samples, nine samples were collected in restaurants and one sample in a residence. But no coliform was detected in the drinking water of the health center. Among the identified coliforms, the prevalence of fecal coliforms and the int1 gene was 60% ( n  = 6) and 40% ( n  = 4), relatively. All isolates containing the int1 microbial-resistance gene were resistant to ampicillin.This study shows that drinking water consumed in different restaurants located in Chattogram, Bangladesh is contaminated by antibiotic-resistant gene bearing coliforms that not only increase the risk of water-borne disease, but also may be the major cause of antibiotic resistance transmission in this part of Bangladesh.

ObjectivesTo assess disease-related knowledge of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patientsPatients and methodsConsecutive RA patients were invited from the rheumatology departments of BSMM University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Bangla version of the Patient Knowledge Questionnaire (B-PKQ) was used. Correlations between the B-PKQ scores and clinical-demographic data were measured using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Impact of independent variables on the level of knowledge about RA was analyzed through multiple regression analysis. Possible explanatory variables included the following: age, disease duration, formal education level, and Bangla Health Assessment Questionnaire (B-HAQ) score. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the difference between demographical, clinical, and socioeconomic variables. For statistical analysis, SPSS statistics version 20 was used.ResultsA total of 168 RA patients could be included. The mean B-PKQ score was 9.84 (range 1–20) from a possible maximum of 30. The mean time for answering the questionnaire was 24.3 min (range 15–34). Low scores were observed in all domains but the lowest were in medications and joint protection/energy conservation. Knowledge level was higher (15.5) in 6 patients who had RA education before enrollment. B-PKQ showed positive correlation with education level (r = 0.338) and negative correlation with HAQ (r = −0.169). The B-PKQ showed no correlation with age, disease duration, having first degree family member with RA, education from other sources (neighbor, RA patient, nurses), or information from mass media.ConclusionsDisease-related knowledge of Bangladeshi RA patients was poor in all domains. Using these findings, improved education and knowledge will result in better disease control.Key Points• Little is known about the knowledge of RA patients regarding their disease and its treatment in Bangladesh and in developing countries in general.• We found that the knowledge of Bangladeshi RA patients regarding their disease was poor in all domains; it correlated positive with education level and negative with function (HAQ), but showed no correlation with age or disease duration.• The findings of this study can be used for improving current patient education programs by health professionals and through mass media.• Better disease control of RA may be achieved by improving patient knowledge in a developing country like Bangladesh, but also in other parts of the world.