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Background Risk behaviours, such as smoking and physical inactivity account for up to two-thirds of all cardiovascular deaths, and are associated with substantial increased mortality in many conditions including cancer and diabetes. As risk behaviours are thought to co-occur in individuals we conducted a systematic review of studies addressing clustering or co-occurrence of risk behaviours and their predictors. As the main aim of the review was to inform public health policy in England we limited inclusion to studies conducted in the UK. Methods Key databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. We included UK based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated risk behaviours such as smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet. High heterogeneity precluded meta-analyses. Results Thirty-seven studies were included in the review (32 cross-sectional and five longitudinal). Most studies investigated unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol misuse, and smoking. In general adult populations, there was relatively strong evidence of clustering between alcohol misuse and smoking; and unhealthy diet and smoking. For young adults, there was evidence of clustering between sexual risk behaviour and smoking, sexual risk behaviour and illicit drug use, and sexual risk behaviour and alcohol misuse. The strongest associations with co-occurrence and clustering of multiple risk behaviours were occupation (up to 4-fold increased odds in lower SES groups) and education (up to 5-fold increased odds in those with no qualifications). Conclusions Among general adult populations, alcohol misuse and smoking was the most commonly identified risk behaviour cluster. Among young adults, there was consistent evidence of clustering found between sexual risk behaviour and substance misuse. Socio-economic status was the strongest predictor of engaging in multiple risk behaviours. This suggests the potential for interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours either sequentially or concurrently particularly where there is evidence of clustering. In addition, there is potential for intervening at the social or environmental level due to the strong association with socio-economic status.

\"A neuroscientist's powerful framework for enhancing quality of life through the regulation of four key hormones: Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, and Endorphins (DOSE). You have everything you need to optimize your brain chemistry--this groundbreaking book shows you how\"-- Publisher description.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term implications of childhood obesity and BMI change over the life course for risk of type 2 diabetes remain uncertain. The objective was to establish whether there are effects on adult glucose metabolism of 1) sensitive periods of BMI gain or 2) long duration of overweight and obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants in the 1958 British birth cohort with child to adult BMI and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 45 years (n = 7,855). RESULTS: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes or HbA1c ≥7 was 2%. BMI gains in child- and adulthood were associated with higher HbA1c: for every SD of 5-year BMI increase from 0 to 7 years, there was a 75% (95% CI 1.42–2.16) increased risk of HbA1c ≥7, increasing to a 4.7-fold (3.12–7.00) risk for the interval 23–33 years. Associations for BMI gain in adulthood were related to attained BMI but were independent for the longer period birth (or 7 years) to 45 years. Duration of obesity was also associated with HbA1c; compared with the never obese, those with childhood onset had a 23.9-fold risk (13.5–42.1) of HbA1c ≥7%; odds ratios were 16.0 (10.6–24.2) and 2.99 (1.77–5.03), respectively, for young and midadulthood onset. Similar trends by onset age were found in mean HbA1c levels and for onset of overweight. Those with the earliest age of onset had higher BMI and waist circumference at 45 years, which markedly explained the associations for onset age and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive BMI gain across the life span and earlier onset of overweight/obesity are associated with impaired glucose metabolism, in part through attained adult BMI.

\"World War II Shipwrecks of Newfoundland: In Pictures brings readers under the surface of the cold north Atlantic to the ghostly remains of ships sunk off the coast of Newfoundland. Diver and photographer Chris Power's breathtaking photographs offer a rare view of iconic World War II shipwrecks, all of which are considered war graves. The journey starts at Bell Island where four iron ore carriers were sunk by German U-boats, with the loss of 70 men, and which have since become popular destinations for wreck-diving enthusiasts from around the world. The reader is brought along on a dive to one of the wrecks--slowly the hull emerges from the hazy ocean depths and the features of the long-lost ship comes into view. The scenes are eerie and awe-inspiring, with the ghostly hulks evoking a sense of reverence for those who served and died during wartime. The next chapters focus on the three other shipwrecks of Bell Island (including a trip to a German torpedo), and then move to the waters off the Burin Peninsula and the wrecks sites of two American warships, the Truxton and Pollux. These ships foundered and sank in 1942 with the loss of 203 men. Today, the heroism of local residents who saved 186 servicemen from the coastal shoals is still remembered by their descendents. While the 100+ photographs are the centrepiece of this book, Chris Power's written narrative offers historical context for the wrecks, as well as insight into the experience of wreck diving--and the excitement and magic of discovering large-scale historical relics. The book will appear to divers, adventurers (armchair or otherwise), art lovers, and history buffs, especially those with a particular interest in World War II.\"-- Provided by publisher.

Cosmological parameters such as ΩM and σ 8 can be measured indirectly using various methods, including galaxy cluster abundance and cosmic shear. These measurements constrain the composite parameter S 8, leading to degeneracy between ΩM and σ 8. However, some structural properties of galaxy clusters also correlate with cosmological parameters, due to their dependence on a cluster’s accretion history. In this work, we focus on the splashback radius, an observable cluster feature that represents a boundary between a cluster and the surrounding Universe. Using a suite of cosmological simulations with a range of values for ΩM and σ 8, we show that the position of the splashback radius around cluster-mass halos is greater in cosmologies with smaller values of ΩM or larger values of σ 8. This variation breaks the degeneracy between ΩM and σ 8 that comes from measurements of the S 8 parameter. We also show that this variation is, in principle, measurable in observations. As the splashback radius can be determined from the same weak lensing analysis already used to estimate S 8, this new approach can tighten low-redshift constraints on cosmological parameters, either using existing data, or using upcoming data such as that from Euclid and LSST.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and Metabolic Syndrome at 45 Years of Age A Cross-Sectional Study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort Elina Hyppönen 1 , Barbara J. Boucher 2 , Diane J. Berry 1 and Chris Power 1 1 Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, U.K 2 Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, U.K Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Elina Hyppönen, Center for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St., London, WC1N 1EH, U.K. E-mail: e.hypponen{at}ich.ucl.ac.uk Abstract OBJECTIVE —Hypovitaminosis D and reduced IGF-1 are associated, individually, with metabolic syndrome. Physiological interactions between vitamin D and IGF-1 are reported; this is the first study to investigate their combined associations with metabolic syndrome prevalence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Data on 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome abnormalities (abdominal obesity; raised A1C, blood pressure, and triglycerides; and low HDL cholesterol) were collected from 6,810 British white subjects in the 1958 cohort, surveyed during 2002–2004 (age 45 years). RESULTS —IGF-1 concentrations increased with 25(OH)D up to ∼75–85 nmol/l but not thereafter. Both 25(OH)D and IGF-1 were inversely associated with metabolic syndrome. There was an interaction between 25(OH)D and IGF-1 ( P = 0.025) on metabolic syndrome prevalence: IGF-1 was not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome among those with the lowest levels of 25(OH)D ( P > 0.09), whereas higher 25(OH)D was associated with metabolic syndrome at all IGF-1 concentrations ( P ≤ 0.006). Metabolic syndrome prevalence was lowest for participants with the highest concentrations of both 25(OH)D and IGF-1 (odds ratio for highest vs. lowest third of both 0.26 [95% CI 0.17–0.40], P < 0.0001; adjusted for sex, month, hour, inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and social class). 25(OH)D was associated with the prevalence of high A1C, blood pressure, and triglycerides after adjustment for IGF-1, obesity, and social and lifestyle variations ( P ≤ 0.004 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS —Serum 25(OH)D is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, whereas the inverse association with IGF-1 was found only among those without hypovitaminosis D. These results suggest that metabolic syndrome prevalence is the lowest when both 25(OH)D and IGF-1 are high. Footnotes Published ahead of print at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org on November 2007. DOI: 10.2337/db07-1122. 1,25-(OH) 2 D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; IGFBP-1, IGF-1 binding protein; LRT, likelihood ratio test. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Accepted October 29, 2007. Received August 9, 2007. DIABETES

This study examined associations between exposure to shift-work and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and whether the associations are explained by socio-economic circumstances, occupational factors or health behaviours. Biological risk factors for CVD were measured in 7,839 participants of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 45 years who were in paid employment. Regular (≥1/week) shift-workers included 46% working evenings (1800-2200), 28% weekends, 13% nights (2200-0400) and 14% early mornings (0400-0700). Adverse levels of several CVD risk factors were found in association with increasing participation in any shift-work. Men regularly working all four shift-work types had increased CVD risk factors of approximately 0.1-0.2 standard deviations (e.g. 0.8 kg/m² for body mass index; 1.2 cm for waist circumference) than those not regularly working shifts; for women, there was a positive linear trend for triglyceride levels, but a negative trend for diastolic blood pressure. Separate analyses of shift-work types showed associations primarily for night/morning working rather than evening/weekend working. Men had adverse levels of all CVD risk factors except blood pressure and total-cholesterol in association with night or early morning work and women had adverse triglyceride levels. Adjustment for socioeconomic, occupational factors and health behaviours explained most associations except for adiposity and C-reactive protein. Our results highlight night and early morning working associations with an adverse profile of CVD risk factors, which are partly explained by socioeconomic, other occupational factors and health behaviours.

The presence of strong correlations between supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses and galaxy properties like stellar mass have been well established for the local Universe, but how these scaling relations evolve with cosmic time is yet to be settled in both observations and theoretical models. Recent works have also highlighted the role of galaxy morphology on the scatter of the SMBH–galaxy mass scaling relations, while the impact of other galaxy properties remains poorly studied, like the role of galaxy environment. We use the state-of-the-art shark v2.0 semianalytic model to explore the evolution of these galaxy–SMBH scaling relations to expand the available predictions from theoretical models to contrast with existing and upcoming observations. We find the relations between SMBH masses and both total and bulge stellar masses predicted by shark v2.0 to be in good overall agreement with observational measurements across a wide range of redshifts and stellar masses. These scaling relations show a significant evolution as a function of cosmic time in shark v2.0, with SMBH masses ∼1 dex lower at z = 0 compared to z = 9 at fixed stellar mass and the scatter increasing by a factor of ∼2–5 toward low redshift. Both relations show a strong dependence with galaxy morphology and the main source for SMBH growth (gas accretion or mergers), with weaker trends with star formation rate, galaxy size, and environment. We find that galaxy morphology alone explains most of the scatter around both scaling relations, with other galaxy properties tying to the SMBH scaling relations through their correlations with morphology.

Knowledge of sedentary behaviour associations with health has relied mainly on television-viewing as a proxy and studies with other measures are less common. To clarify whether sedentary behaviour is associated with disease-risk, we examined associations for television-viewing and sitting at work. Using the 1958 British birth cohort (n = 7660), we analysed cross-sectional associations between television-viewing and work sitting (four categories, 0-1 to ≥ 3 h/d) with total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, hypertension and metabolic syndrome at 45 y. We adjusted for lifestyle and socio-demographic factors and assessed mediation of associations by body mass index (BMI) and diet. We also assessed whether the sedentary indicators are related similarly to factors linked to disease-risk. There was a general trend of adverse socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics with higher h/d television-viewing, but trends in the opposite direction for work sitting. Television-viewing was associated with most biomarkers and associations were mediated by BMI: e.g. for each category increase in television-viewing, HDL-cholesterol in men was lower by 2.3% (95% CI: 1.5%, 3.2%) and, in BMI and diet adjusted analyses, by 1.6% (0.8%, 2.4%); for women, by 2.0% (1.2%, 2.9%) and 0.9% (0.1%, 1.6%) respectively. Few, weaker associations for work sitting were found, in men only: e.g. corresponding values for HDL-cholesterol were 1.2% (0.5%, 1.9%) and 0.9% (0.3%, 1.5%). Odds for metabolic syndrome were elevated by 82% and 33% respectively for men watching television or work sitting for ≥ 3 vs. 0-1 h/d. Associations with cardiovascular disease and diabetes biomarkers in mid-adulthood differed for television-viewing and work sitting. The role of sedentary behaviour may vary by leisure and work domains or the two indicators reflect differing associations with other disease-related influences.