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"Chung, M."
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Boris ate a thesaurus
A hungry boy learns that books are for reading and not for swallowing after he eats a thesaurus and starts speaking in synonyms.
Book
Persistently active neurons in human medial frontal and medial temporal lobe support working memory
Using single-neuron recordings in the human brain during a working-memory task, the authors show both stimulus-specific and nonspecific types of persistent activity in neurons of the medial frontal and medial temporal lobes. Persistent activity in hippocampus and amygdala was predictive of memory content and displayed dynamic attractor patterns.
Persistent neural activity is a putative mechanism for the maintenance of working memories. Persistent activity relies on the activity of a distributed network of areas, but the differential contribution of each area remains unclear. We recorded single neurons in the human medial frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe while subjects held up to three items in memory. We found persistently active neurons in both areas. Persistent activity of hippocampal and amygdala neurons was stimulus-specific, formed stable attractors and was predictive of memory content. Medial frontal cortex persistent activity, on the other hand, was modulated by memory load and task set but was not stimulus-specific. Trial-by-trial variability in persistent activity in both areas was related to memory strength, because it predicted the speed and accuracy by which stimuli were remembered. This work reveals, in humans, direct evidence for a distributed network of persistently active neurons supporting working memory maintenance.
Journal Article
Experimenters’ sex modulates mouse behaviors and neural responses to ketamine via corticotropin releasing factor
We show that the sex of human experimenters affects mouse behaviors and responses following administration of the rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine and its bioactive metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine. Mice showed aversion to the scent of male experimenters, preference for the scent of female experimenters and increased stress susceptibility when handled by male experimenters. This human-male-scent-induced aversion and stress susceptibility was mediated by the activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the entorhinal cortex that project to hippocampal area CA1. Exposure to the scent of male experimenters before ketamine administration activated CA1-projecting entorhinal cortex CRF neurons, and activation of this CRF pathway modulated in vivo and in vitro antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. A better understanding of the specific and quantitative contributions of the sex of human experimenters to study outcomes in rodents may improve replicability between studies and, as we have shown, reveal biological and pharmacological mechanisms.Georgiou et al. found that the sex of the person performing experiments affects mouse behavior, including responses to stress and ketamine. This effect was mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the entorhinal cortex that project to CA1.
Journal Article
Economic geography : a contemporary introduction
\"Economic Geography is an engaging and accessible introduction to the different ways modern economic geographers understand, analyze, and interpret economic processes. This comprehensive text addresses significant questions relevant to contemporary economic life, from the activities of transnational corporations to issues surrounding workplaces and consumption. It encourages readers to explore how spatial patterns, places, networks, and territories shape large-scale economic processes. Accessible, highly-illustrated material presents fresh insights from the field--complemented by relatable, real-world examples that help students understand the social, cultural, and political contexts underpinning global economic processes. Now in its third edition, this extensively revised and updated textbook retains the features and thematic structure that have proved popular with students and instructors alike, while adding exciting new content. New chapters explore how the global economy and global development are institutionalized and governed, the economic geographies of global climate change, economic practices outside the capitalist mainstream, the role of migrants in labour markets, global production networks, and more\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Precision medicine: the precision gap in rheumatic disease
For many oncological conditions, the application of timely and patient-tailored targeted therapies, or precision medicine, is a major therapeutic development that has provided considerable clinical benefit. However, despite the application of increasingly sophisticated technologies, alongside advanced bioinformatic and machine-learning algorithms, this success is yet to be replicated for the rheumatic diseases. In rheumatoid arthritis, for example, despite an array of targeted biologic and conventional therapeutics, treatment choice remains largely based on trial and error. The concept of the ‘precision gap’ for rheumatic disease can help us to identify factors that underpin the slow progress towards the discovery and adoption of precision-medicine approaches for rheumatic disease. In a rheumatic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, it is possible to identify four themes that have slowed progress, solutions to which should help to close the precision gap. These themes relate to our fundamental understanding of disease pathogenesis, how we determine treatment response, confounders of treatment outcomes and trial design.In this Perspective, with specific reference to rheumatoid arthritis, Lin, Cooles and Isaacs identify factors that have contributed to the relatively slow progress towards precision medicine for rheumatic diseases, and suggest strategies for closing this ‘precision gap’.
Journal Article
Tai chi-muscle power training for children with developmental coordination disorder: a randomized controlled trial
This study compared the effectiveness of tai chi (TC) muscle power training (MPT), TC alone, MPT alone, and no training for improving the limits of stability (LOS) and motor and leg muscular performance and decreasing falls in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). One hundred and twenty-one children with DCD were randomly assigned to the TC-MPT, TC, MPT, or control group. The three intervention groups received TC-MPT, TC, or MPT three times per week for 3 months. Measurements were taken before and after the intervention period. The primary outcomes were the LOS completion time and dynamic LOS scores. The secondary outcomes included the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition total test score and percentile rank, knee muscle peak force and time to peak force, and the number of falls. None of the interventions affected the LOS test scores. Improvements in the peak forces of the knee extensors and flexors were demonstrated in the TC (
p
= 0.006) and MPT groups (
p
= 0.032), respectively. The number of falls also decreased in these two groups (
p
< 0.001). Thus, clinicians may prescribe TC or MPT for children with DCD to increase their knee muscle strength and reduce their risk of falls.
Journal Article
Intratracheal Administration of Budesonide/Surfactant to Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an important complication of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants, and no definite therapy can eliminate this complication. Pulmonary inflammation plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis, and glucocorticoid is one potential therapy to prevent BPD.
To compare the effect of intratracheal administration of surfactant/budesonide with that of surfactant alone on the incidence of death or BPD.
A clinical trial was conducted in three tertiary neonatal centers in the United States and Taiwan, in which 265 very-low-birth-weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome who required mechanical ventilation and inspired oxygen (fraction of inspired oxygen, ≥50%) within 4 hours of birth were randomly assigned to one of two groups (131 intervention and 134 control). The intervention infants received surfactant (100 mg/kg) and budesonide (0.25 mg/kg), and the control infants received surfactant only (100 mg/kg), until each infant required inspired O2 at less than 30% or was extubated.
The intervention group had a significantly lower incidence of BPD or death (55 of 131 [42.0%] vs. 89 of 134 [66%]; risk ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.77; P < 0.001; number needed to treat, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-7.8). The intervention group required significantly fewer doses of surfactant than did the control group. The intervention group had significantly lower interleukin levels (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) in tracheal aspirates at 12 hours and lower IL-8 at 3-5 and 7-8 days.
In very-low-birth-weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome, intratracheal administration of surfactant/budesonide compared with surfactant alone significantly decreased the incidence of BPD or death without immediate adverse effect. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT-00883532).
Journal Article
CCDC103 mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia by disrupting assembly of ciliary dynein arms
Iain Drummond, Heymut Omran, Stephen King and colleagues show that
CCDC103
mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. Their studies suggest that CCDC103 is a core axonemal factor that helps anchor dynein motor complexes to ciliary microtubules.
Cilia are essential for fertilization, respiratory clearance, cerebrospinal fluid circulation and establishing laterality
1
. Cilia motility defects cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD, MIM244400), a disorder affecting 1:15,000–30,000 births. Cilia motility requires the assembly of multisubunit dynein arms that drive ciliary bending
2
. Despite progress in understanding the genetic basis of PCD, mutations remain to be identified for several PCD-linked loci
3
. Here we show that the zebrafish cilia paralysis mutant
schmalhans
(
smh
tn222
) encodes the coiled-coil domain containing 103 protein (Ccdc103), a
foxj1a
-regulated gene product. Screening 146 unrelated PCD families identified individuals in six families with reduced outer dynein arms who carried mutations in
CCDC103
. Dynein arm assembly in
smh
mutant zebrafish was rescued by wild-type but not mutant human CCDC103.
Chlamydomonas
Ccdc103/Pr46b functions as a tightly bound, axoneme-associated protein. These results identify Ccdc103 as a dynein arm attachment factor that causes primary ciliary dyskinesia when mutated.
Journal Article
Backflow structures in turbulent pipe flows at low to moderate Reynolds numbers
The statistical characteristics and the evolution of the backflow structures are investigated in wall-bounded flows at Reynolds numbers up to $Re_{\\tau }=1000$. The backflow is caused by the joining of large-scale high- and low-speed structures in the vicinity of the wall and is formed at the tail tip of the low-speed structure. The distribution density of the backflow structures and the percentage area of the backflow region on the wall both increase with the Reynolds number. The backflow structures have an average lifespan of 8 wall units which is found to be slightly longer in the pipe than the channel, and they are convected downstream at the average velocities of the buffer region of approximately 10 wall units, similar to Cardesa et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 880, 2019, R3). The backflow structures occasionally split and merge, and can form detached from the wall. Evidence shows that the split, merged and wall-detached backflow structures are caused by the near-wall structures. The split backflow structures are on average, larger and more spanwise-elongated which are split due to the spanwise shearing of the near-wall streaks. A backflow structure is formed detached from the wall when the trailing end of its carrier low-speed structure ‘sits’ on the near-wall high-speed streaks. The wall-detached backflow structures tend to become wall-attached by approaching the wall when undergoing a similar life cycle to the normal backflow of growth and decay with spanwise elongation because the backflow region at the tail of the low-speed structure is continuously pressed down to the wall by the high-speed structure driven by persistent vortical structures in the buffer region.
Journal Article