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Bioelectronics demand stretchable devices with steady performance under deformation. By combining an amphiphilic organic semiconducting polymer with tailored film processing, highly stretchable organic electrochemical transistors are demonstrated.

An overview of the tremendous potential of organic electronics, concentrating on those emerging topics and technologies that will form the focus of research over the next five to ten years. The young and energetic team of editors with an excellent research track record has brought together internationally renowned authors to review up-and-coming topics, some for the first time, such as organic spintronics, iontronics, light emitting transistors, organic sensors and advanced structural analysis. As a result, this book serves the needs of experienced researchers in organic electronics, graduate students and post-doctoral researchers, as well as scientists active in closely related fields, including organic chemical synthesis, thin film growth and biomaterials. Cover Figure: With kind permission of Matitaccia.

Multifunctional stretchable conductors are crucial components in fully stretchable circuits for wearable bioelectronics. Conductive composites made from liquid metal (LM) fillers and polymer matrices have garnered significant interest due to their high electrical conductivity, adjustable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and recyclability. Herein, a printable LM composite is developed using a custom‐designed block copolymer to ensure electromechanical stability in both wet and dry conditions. The LM composite demonstrates high conductivity (around 105 S m−1), stretchability up to 500%, and maintains stable resistance with cyclic strain ranging from 0 to 50% for over 16 h, in both ambient and aqueous environments. Furthermore, bulk LM is successfully recovered from printed composites using green solvents, supporting the composite's recyclability. This work presents a multifunctional liquid metal (LM) microdroplet‐based composite with a custom‐designed block copolymer as the matrix, optimized for printing. The composite exhibits high conductivity, stretchability, durability in dry and aqueous environments, and recyclability of LM using green solvents. These properties highlight its potential for sustainable wearable electronics under aqueous environments.

Sensors based on everyday textiles are extremely promising for wearable applications. The present work focuses on high‐performance textile‐based capacitive strain sensors. Specifically, a conductive textile is obtained via vapor‐phase polymerization of pyrrole, in which the usage of methanol co‐vapor and the addition of imidazole to the iron chloride oxidant solution are shown to maximize conductivity. A technique to provide insulation and mechanical resistance using thermoplastic polyurethane and polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene/barium titanate composite is developed. Such insulated conductive elastics are then used to fabricate highly sensitive twisted yarn capacitive sensors. A textile glove is subsequently embedded with such sensors. The wireless measurement and transmission system demonstrate efficacy in capturing capacitance variations upon strain and monitoring hand motions. A machine learning model to recognize 12 gestures is implemented—100% classification accuracy is obtained. Stretchable textile conductors are obtained through vapor phase polymerization of pyrrole on a braided cord in situ. Insulation with an elastic composite with a subsequent intertwining of two such yarns yields high‐performance capacitive sensor yarns. The studied sensors integrated into a glove accurately capture 12 hand gestures for subsequent gesture recognition using machine learning, achieving 100% accuracy.

Current biological sensors require bulky external power sources. Ultrathin solar cells have now been fabricated that can power flexible, wearable sensors for the precise and continuous monitoring of biological signals. Integration of organic photovoltaic cells and electrochemical transistors.

Soft and conductive materials are highly desirable for wearable electronics. In particular, anti‐freezing, long‐water retention, and highly conductive gels with Young's modulus matching that of biological tissues, show promise in bioelectronics. Herein, soft organohydrogels obtained by mixing poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), ethylene glycol (EG), and tannic acid (TA) are reported. The PEDOT/EG/TA organohydrogels exhibit a low compressive Young's modulus of ≈20 kPa, a conductivity of ≈6 S cm−1, as well as anti‐freezing and water retention properties. Epidermal patch electrodes prepared using the PEDOT/EG/TA gel exhibit low skin–electrode impedance at low frequency (1–100 Hz) and high‐quality electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography signal recordings. Moreover, these gels demonstrate long‐term stability with high ECG recording quality after being placed under ambient conditions for seven days. Soft gels obtained from poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), ethylene glycol (EG), and tannic acid (TA) exhibit a low compressive Young's modulus (≈7 kPa), long‐water retention, and anti‐freezing properties. Epidermal patch electrodes fabricated using the PEDOT/EG/TA gel demonstrate high‐quality electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signal recordings and human–machine interfaces use.

Ion-gated transistors are attracting significant attention due to their low operating voltage (<1 V) and modulation of charge carrier density by ion-gating media. Here we report flexible organic ion-gated transistors based on the high mobility donor-acceptor conjugated copolymer poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl 4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]-dithiophen-2-yl)-alt[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4c]pyridine](PCDTPT) and the ionic liquid [1-ethyl-3 methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] as the ion-gating medium. Electrical characteristics of devices made on both [rigid (SiO2/Si) and flexible (polyimide (PI))] substrates showed very similar values of hole mobility (∼1 cm2 V−1 s−1) and ON-OFF ratio (∼105). Flexible ion-gated transistors showed good mechanical stability at different bending curvature radii and under repetitive bending cycles. The mobility of flexible ion-gated transistors remained almost unchanged upon bending. After 1000 bending cycles the mobility decreased by 20% of its initial value. Flexible photodetectors based on PCDTPT ion-gated transistors showed photosensitivity and photoresponsivity values of 0.4 and 93 AW−1.

With the increasing use of high-frequency electronic and wireless devices, electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become a growing concern due to its potential impact on both electronic devices and human health. In this study, we demonstrated the performance of lightweight, electrically conducting 3D resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon xerogels, of 2.4 mm thickness, as an EMI shieldin the frequency range of 10–15 GHz (X-Ku band). The brittle carbon xerogels revealed complex porous structures with irregularly shaped pores that were randomly distributed. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the material behaved as an electrical double-layer capacitor. The carbon xerogels displayed reflection-dominated (∼ 84%) shielding behavior, with a total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) value of ∼ 61 dB. The absorption process also contributed (∼ 16%) to the total SE. This behavior is attributed to the carbon xerogels' complex porous network, which effectively suppresses EM waves.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been extensively studied, yet devices fabricated via electropolymerization remain underexplored in terms of the underlying ionic dynamics and the potential for flexible integration. In this work, we demonstrate robust OECTs based on electropolymerized PEDOT, exhibiting negligible drain current degradation after 1000 cycles of operation in aqueous NaCl. Compared to inkjet-printed devices, they offer markedly superior cycling stability, which is further enhanced by the incorporation of the small anionic dopant ClO 4 − . We also show flexible, lightweight OECTs by electropolymerizing PEDOT on ultrathin parylene substrates, achieving stable performance under mechanical strain. Furthermore, Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (EQCM-D) analysis reveals distinct ion transport behavior in PEDOT:ClO 4 , where dopant ejection dominates doping/dedoping process, unlike in PEDOT:PSS. This study underscores the advantages of electropolymerization and small-ion doping, offering new mechanistic insights and advancing the design of high-performance, flexible OECTs for bioelectronic applications.

The scope of this Minireview is to provide an overview of the recent progress on carbon nanotube electrodes applied to organic thin film transistors. After an introduction on the general aspects of the charge injection processes at various electrode-semiconductor interfaces, we discuss the great potential of carbon nanotube electrodes for organic thin film transistors and the recent achievements in the field.