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This essay describes some of the work leading up to the first issue of the Journal as a way to understand why it took the form it did and why its guiding concepts are still relevant. Those concepts-identifying philosophical assumptions, interdisciplinary research, and systems thinking are probably more relevant than they were four decades ago, given how complex agricultural and food issues have become.

Phthalates, a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are widely known to be harmful to human health. Phthalates are very common in plastics, cosmetics, and apparently menstrual pads, because certain phthalates can help a substance dissolve or can make plastics harder to break. Women, femme-identified gender minorities, and children are most vulnerable to exposure because phthalates are so often found in the products they are more likely to use: cleaning products, cosmetics, baby toys, and more. Here, Clancy discusses the effects of endocrine disruptors across generations.

Traumatic vascular injuries are infrequent but can be devastating. This study characterized their incidence and the need for vascular surgeons in their repair. Outcomes for patients repaired by vascular and trauma surgeons were compared. Patients age ≥14, needing operations for acute traumatic vascular injuries from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013 were included. Of the 27,224 adult trauma patients, 1.4% had vascular injuries needing operations. Trauma surgeons treated 40% of them. The need for repair by vascular surgeons varied based on mechanism, transfer status, injury location, time of injury, trauma staff practice, and experience (P < .05). Patients repaired by vascular surgeons had more transfusions, longer arrival-to-operation time, surgery duration, hospital stay but lower mortality (P < .05). This mortality difference dissipated after excluding early deaths. Approximately 3% of trauma patients had vascular injuries. Trauma surgeons treated a significant portion of them; using less resources and achieving similar outcomes in select patients when compared with vascular surgeons.

Background The incidence of p16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been increasing. The notion that p16+ OPSCC has a propensity for atypical and disseminating metastasis has gained traction. We compared treatment failure patterns in p16+ and p16− OPSCC and evaluated survival impact. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with recurrent/metastatic OPSCC disease between 1/2009 and 12/2019. Results Thirty‐eight p16+ and 36 p16− patients were identified. Three distinct failure patterns (distant vs. locoregional, atypical vs. typical, and disseminating vs. non‐disseminating) were studied. No significant differences were found between p16+ and p16− patients. Multivariate analysis showed p16 status was an independent prognostic biomarker; p16+ patients have a favorable overall survival compared to p16− patients (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.16–0.77; P = .005). Conclusions We challenge the view that p16+ OPSCC exhibits a distinctive treatment failure pattern and showed that p16 status impacts patient survival independent of disease progression. The incidence of p16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been increasing. The notion that p16+ OPSCC has a propensity for atypical and disseminating metastasis has gained traction. No significant differences were found between p16+ and p16− patients and three distinct failure patterns (distant vs. locoregional, atypical vs. typical, and disseminating vs. non‐disseminating). We challenge the view that p16+ OPSCC exhibits a distinctive treatment failure pattern and showed that p16 status impacts patient survival independent of disease progression.

In the sciences, we talk about sex. The question is, what are we actually talking about when we use that word? Last fall, the American Anthropological Association made headlines after removing a session on sex and gender from its November 2023 annual conference. The session's panelists had made some attention-grabbing assertions about what they called \"biological sex\"-claiming that sex is binary, that male and female represent an inflexible and infallible pair of categories describing all humans, and that this biological truth was being ignored. The fact that definitions and signifies of gender differ across cultures has been well established, but sex is often viewed as a static, universal truth. However, the history of Western biomedical definitions of sex is marked by revision, as attempts to neatly corral humans into sex categories failed in the face of technological advances and increased evidence. Those who claim that sex is a clear binary, including the panelists of the canceled conference session, might be surprised to learn that the theory of two sexes is relatively recent.

Examining school-wide factors that can positively influence student and school success is especially crucial after the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in a period of online learning that led to a decrease in student achievement scores across the nation. As a result, this study sought to assess how schedule design specifically affected teacher perceptions of engagement and behavior for middle school students as well as the impact of schedule design on teachers’ perceptions of their work environment. The purpose of the research was to explore the teachers’ perceptions of the impact of schedule design in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 on their work environment as well as middle school students’ behavior and engagement in an urban charter middle school in the Northeast United States through inductive thematic analysis of open-ended questions asked in semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The goal was to identify how schedule design could maximize student engagement and minimize unwanted behaviors while improving teacher satisfaction. The following research questions guided the study: (1) How does schedule design impact middle school students’ engagement and behavior? (2) How does schedule design impact the engagement and behavior of middle school students with identified disabilities? (3) How does schedule design impact teachers’ perceptions of their work environment?The study identified these key themes: (1) student engagement, (2) student behavior, (3) school climate, (4) teacher wellness, and (5) student-teacher relationships. The results indicated that the most positive impact on student engagement and behavior was achieved using a 7- period, 50-minute waterfall rotation schedule with a daily homeroom, a daily intervention block, and an unassigned and administrative duty period. This schedule strongly and positively influenced the climate, culture, relationship building, teacher satisfaction, and teacher stress. The results showed that reducing periods from 70 to 50 minutes and shifting from a static to a rotating schedule had the most impact on all categories mentioned above. The study indicated that special education teachers who spent the daily 50-minute intervention block together with their caseload noticed dramatic impacts on their success in all classes. Finally, this study indicated that student behavior and engagement improved when teachers perceived their work environment more positively.