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"Clark, Cindy Dell"
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Tricks of Festival: Children, Enculturation, and American Halloween
The American children's ritual, Halloween, involves an emergent, active and complex process rather than unidirectional socialization of children by adults. Inversions of meaning are prominent in Halloween through: 1) adult support for inverted, anti-normative themes, and 2) a turnabout by which children gain ascendance through costumed trick-or-treating. Based on interviews with six and seven year old children and their parents, as well as participant observation at Halloween events, Halloween's inversions had different interpretations for adults compared to children. For example the degree and quality of fear associated with Halloween varied between elders and children. Following the traumatic events of September 11, 2001, adult-rendered meanings of Halloween were shown to be unfixed and subject to modification. These findings raise critical questions about simplistic notions of socialization and cultural reduplication.
Journal Article
Navigating the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for Child-Directed Qualitative Research
Above my desk, I have a quotation pinned to the wall, words attributed to the late, great singer Pearl Bailey. Bailey once shared this point of wisdom: “What the world needs now is more love and less paperwork.” Bureaucratic reviews (such as tax returns, tenure applications, grant requests, and institutional reviews of research protocols) generally involve abundant forms to complete. An Institutional Review Board (IRB) application would seem to go astray of Pearl’s advice. Yet, in order to do ethically certified research with children, I have learned to make an exception. Research on children’s views is worth some red tape.
Book Chapter
Enculturation Incarnate: Ritual Sensoria in U.S. Patriotic Holidays
Because ritual is based on symbolism that takes intense sensory, enacted form, its features are well suited to children's cultural learning via sensor imotor engagement. An ethnographic study of US patriotic rituals at Memorial Day and Independence Day (July 4th), conducted during 2005-12, reveals how children participated and learned through sensoria and embodied experiences within these festival days. Public and private rituals evoked sense-linked metaphoric meanings that primed children for American values, including themes of militarism and freedom. Consistent with other researchers' findings regarding U.S. Passover seder, American Catholic First Communion, and the ritual enculturation of Sri Lankan child monks, young cultural members encounter ritual through embodied learning and sensoria and not necessarily via adult intentional instruction, [children, ritual, socialization, senses, nationalism]
Journal Article
Visual Metaphor as Method in Interviews with Children
A challenge to child-centered anthropology is to develop methods of exploring children's worlds that accommodate children's own ways of communicating meaning, including nonverbal, visual means. The article proposes an approach, the Metaphor Sort Technique, and illustrates this method based on an ethnographic study of childhood diabetes and asthma. The Metaphor Sort Technique employs pictures selected by children as metaphors for their impressions of illness and its treatment. The Metaphor Sort Technique, as a feature of discourse, stimulated, complemented, and supported children's verbal utterances. The study demonstrates that when modes of discourse include visual, nonliteral tasks, this can activate a child's discursive power, reducing deference and enhancing the child's authority in an adult-child encounter.
Journal Article
Asthma Episodes: Stigma, Children, and Hollywood Films
Asthma has been systematically stigmatized in Hollywood feature films, including films seen by children. Through content analysis of 66 movies containing one or more scenes showing asthma, and through informant interviews with a dozen U. S.children about representative scenes, the study explores how stigmatizing portrayals are interpreted, accepted, or resisted. Children suffering from asthma actively counterargued with incriminating excerpts, but in some respects their healthy friends were less critical. Overall, children viewed stigmatizing scenes in terms of the social interaction and the social ethics entailed. They did not scrutinize the characters for damaged selfhood, per se, but dwelled on the social processes out of which stigma is erected.
Journal Article
