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Pediatric palliative care is concerned with the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care of children with a progressive, life-limiting disease, and their families, from diagnosis through be- reavement. music therapy is well suited to a pal- liative care environment, as it is a medium through which all facets of holistic well-being can be ad- dressed. Canuck Place Children's Hospice is North America's first freestanding pediatric hospice.

Purpose of Review This scoping review includes recent literature on eating disorder diagnoses and evaluation of eating disorder symptom presentation among transgender youth (ages 8–25). Recent Findings A total of 20 publications from the previous 5 years were identified, including case reports, retrospective chart reviews, and surveys. Significantly higher rates of eating disorder symptoms were documented in transgender youth compared to cisgender youth. Similarly, some studies reported transgender youth were more likely to be diagnosed with an eating disorder than cisgender youth, though the proportion of youth with eating disorder diagnoses varied across studies. A consistent theme across case studies was engagement in food restriction and/or compensatory eating behaviors to prevent puberty onset or progression, suggesting that for some transgender youth, these behaviors may be understood as a means of coping with gender-related distress. Summary Clinical care could be enhanced through establishment of best practices for screening in settings offering eating disorder treatment and gender-affirming care, as well as greater collaboration among these programs. Research is needed to validate eating disorder measures for use with transgender youth and evaluate the effects of eating disorder treatment and gender-affirming medical interventions on the well-being of transgender youth.

In situ exploration of Uranus has been limited to a single flyby encounter by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in January 1986. Nonetheless, new investigation has led to significant questions about the origin of energetic ions observed in the region between its moons Miranda and Ariel. Radial and pitch angle diffusion modeling suggests that typical magnetospheric sources cannot explain the observed characteristics of these energetic ions. We suggest that these are likely being introduced by a source from one of these moons and give rise to waves that could result in the observed particle distribution characteristics. This may reveal that internal plasma sources in the system may be important for Uranus' magnetospheric dynamics and may contribute to its unexpectedly strong radiation belts. Plain Language Summary Uranus is an oddity in the solar system for a variety of reasons, but mostly as a result of its perpendicular rotation relative to the rest of the planets in the solar system. During its approximately 3‐day flyby of Uranus in 1986, Voyager 2 captured the only in situ observations of the planet and its system. New analysis of these three‐decade‐old observations have revealed a mysterious source of energetic ions in the planet's magnetosphere. These ions were originally explained by dynamics of the system, but new understanding suggests that this is probably unlikely. New simple modeling of the expected behavior of such energetic particles show that sustaining such a population requires a very strong source and specific energization mechanism. Both would potentially be consistent with the ions originating from either Miranda or Ariel. This potentially hints that the Uranian magnetosphere may harbor an ocean world like those known or believed to exist at the other Giant Planets. Key Points Analysis of Voyager 2 observations revealed a localized source of energetic ions in the region between the moons Miranda and Ariel Diffusive transport modeling suggests that typical magnetospheric sources cannot explain the observed characteristics of the energetic ions Additional in situ ion composition and plasma wave observations are necessary to confirm whether these ions are coming from an active moon

Saccharomyces cerevisiae bearing engineered alginate and mannitol catabolic pathways can ferment sugars from brown macroalgae to produce ethanol, potentially allowing the use of brown macroalgae as a viable feedstock for the production of biofuels and renewable chemicals. Brown algae as a biofuel feedstock Brown macroalgae are seen as a viable feedstock for the production of biofuels, with the advantage that they can be farmed in coastal waters without using valuable arable land. However, the most abundant sugars in brown macroalgae are alginate, mannitol and glucan, and the full potential of this feedstock cannot be realized without extensive re-engineering of the alginate and mannitol catabolic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In this paper the authors identify a 4-deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronate transporter in Asteromyces cruciatus brown algae and use it to develop a S. cerevisiae strain that can use the unique sugars in brown macroalgae for high-efficiency ethanol fermentation. With appropriate genetic modifications, this synthetic biology platform can be used to produce many other biofuels and renewable chemicals. The increasing demands placed on natural resources for fuel and food production require that we explore the use of efficient, sustainable feedstocks such as brown macroalgae. The full potential of brown macroalgae as feedstocks for commercial-scale fuel ethanol production, however, requires extensive re-engineering of the alginate and mannitol catabolic pathways 1 , 2 , 3 in the standard industrial microbe Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Here we present the discovery of an alginate monomer (4-deoxy- l -erythro-5-hexoseulose uronate, or DEHU) transporter from the alginolytic eukaryote Asteromyces cruciatus 4 . The genomic integration and overexpression of the gene encoding this transporter, together with the necessary bacterial alginate and deregulated native mannitol catabolism genes, conferred the ability of an S. cerevisiae strain to efficiently metabolize DEHU and mannitol. When this platform was further adapted to grow on mannitol and DEHU under anaerobic conditions, it was capable of ethanol fermentation from mannitol and DEHU, achieving titres of 4.6% (v/v) (36.2 g l −1 ) and yields up to 83% of the maximum theoretical yield from consumed sugars. These results show that all major sugars in brown macroalgae can be used as feedstocks for biofuels and value-added renewable chemicals in a manner that is comparable to traditional arable-land-based feedstocks.

Microbes are essential for the functioning of life on earth, yet a lack of awareness of their positive activities persists in society. In the UK, microbiology is scarcely taught before secondary education. Therefore, we organised ‘Science Fun Days’ for primary school pupils (aged 9–11 years) in 2024 and 2025, with the aims of increasing their microbiological awareness and, more generally, promoting positive attitudes towards science and nature. Over 450 pupils attended a Science Fun Day hosted at the University of Essex, which involved hands‐on activities in the laboratory and outdoors. Pre‐event and post‐event surveys were completed by 307 and 305 of these pupils, respectively, from across seven schools. The surveys revealed that, after participating in a Science Fun Day, the proportion of pupils who would like a job in science increased from 29.6% to 41.9% in 2024 and 21.8% to 32.9% in 2025. Pupils from schools located in areas of high deprivation rated their desire for a science career significantly higher overall than pupils from schools located in low deprivation areas. Surveys also captured a post‐event increase in the percentage of pupils that know what microbes are from 68.7% to 88.0% in 2024 and 49.3% to 79.1% in 2025. Gender differences were minimal and included higher overall perceived confidence in science lessons by male‐identifying students; however, female‐identifying students reported similar levels of confidence as their male‐identifying peers in the post‐event survey. Our results support the value of extra‐curricular excursions to boost children's understanding of microbiology, enable positive attitudes towards science, and encourage science‐related career aspirations. This article details ‘Science Fun Day’ outreach events which we organised for primary school pupils in Essex, UK. We demonstrate that pupils ended the event with increased enjoyment of learning about science, increased desire to have a career in science and a greater understanding of the importance of microbes.

Background The Onco type DX® Prostate Cancer Assay is a multi-gene RT-PCR expression assay that was developed for use with fixed paraffin-embedded (FPE) diagnostic prostate needle biopsies containing as little as 1 mm of prostate tumor in the greatest dimension. The assay measures expression of 12 cancer-related genes representing four biological pathways and 5 reference genes which are algorithmically combined to calculate the Genomic Prostate Score (GPS). This biopsy-based assay has been analytically and subsequently clinically validated as a predictor of aggressive prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to validate the analytical performance of the Onco type DX Prostate Cancer Assay using predefined acceptance criteria. Results The lowest quartile of RNA yields from prostate needle biopsies (six 5 μm sections) was between 19 and 34 ng. Analytical validation of the process requiring as little as 5 ng of RNA met all pre-defined acceptance criteria. Amplification efficiencies, analytical sensitivity, and accuracy of gene assays were measured by serially diluting an RNA sample and analyzing features of the linear regression between RNA expression measured by the crossing point (Cp) versus the log 2 of the RNA input per PCR assay well. Gene assays were shown to accurately measure expression over a wide range of inputs (from as low as 0.005 ng to 320 ng). Analytical accuracy was excellent with average biases at qPCR inputs representative of patient samples <9.7% across all assays while amplification efficiencies were within ±6% of the median. Assessments of reproducibility and precision were performed by testing 10 prostate cancer RNA samples over multiple instruments, reagent lots, operators, days (precision), and RNA input levels (reproducibility) using appropriately parameterized linear mixed models. The standard deviations for analytical precision and reproducibility were 1.86 and 2.11 GPS units (100-unit scale) respectively . Conclusions The Onco type DX Prostate Cancer Assay, a clinical RT-PCR assay specifically designed for use with prostate needle biopsies, has been analytically validated using very limited RNA inputs. The assay requirements and analytical performance will provide physicians with test results from a robust and reliable assay which will enable improved treatment decisions for men diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer.

Macromolecular complexes are essential to conserved biological processes, but their prevalence across animals is unclear. By combining extensive biochemical fractionation with quantitative mass spectrometry, here we directly examined the composition of soluble multiprotein complexes among diverse metazoan models. Using an integrative approach, we generated a draft conservation map consisting of more than one million putative high-confidence co-complex interactions for species with fully sequenced genomes that encompasses functional modules present broadly across all extant animals. Clustering reveals a spectrum of conservation, ranging from ancient eukaryotic assemblies that have probably served cellular housekeeping roles for at least one billion years, ancestral complexes that have accrued contemporary components, and rarer metazoan innovations linked to multicellularity. We validated these projections by independent co-fractionation experiments in evolutionarily distant species, affinity purification and functional analyses. The comprehensiveness, centrality and modularity of these reconstructed interactomes reflect their fundamental mechanistic importance and adaptive value to animal cell systems. Using biochemical fractionation and mass spectrometry, animal protein complexes are identified from nine species in parallel, and, along with genome sequence information, complex conservation is investigated and over one million protein–protein interactions are predicted in 122 eukaryotes. Cross-species analysis of animal protein complexes Elucidating the components of multiprotein complexes on a proteome-wide scale has been aided by high-throughput methods for systematically determining protein–protein interactions. Here, Edward Marcotte and colleagues identify protein complexes from nine species in parallel, based on biochemical fractionation of native soluble macromolecular complexes followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify components. The data, from roundworm, mouse, sea urchin, human, frog, fly, sea anemone, slime mould and yeast, show that many complexes are conserved across species. Combing the results with genome sequence information, the authors are able to predict more than one million interactions in 122 eukaryotes.

The Plasma Environment, Radiation, Structure, and Evolution of the Uranian System (PERSEUS) mission concept defines the feasibility and potential scope of a dedicated, standalone Heliophysics orbiter mission to study multiple space physics science objectives at Uranus. Uranus’s complex and dynamic magnetosphere presents a unique laboratory to study magnetospheric physics as well as its coupling to the solar wind and the planet’s atmosphere, satellites, and rings. From the planet’s tilted and offset, rapidly-rotating non-dipolar magnetic field to its seasonally-extreme interactions with the solar wind to its unexpectedly intense electron radiation belts, Uranus hosts a range of outstanding and compelling mysteries relevant to the space physics community. While the exploration of planets other than Earth has largely fallen within the purview of NASA’s Planetary Science Division, many targets, like Uranus, also hold immense scientific value and interest to NASA’s Heliophysics Division. Exploring and understanding Uranus’s magnetosphere is critical to make fundamental gains in magnetospheric physics and the understanding of potential exoplanetary systems and to test the validity of our knowledge of magnetospheric dynamics, moon-magnetosphere interactions, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, and solar wind-planetary coupling. The PERSEUS mission concept study, currently at Concept Maturity Level (CML) 4, comprises a feasible payload that provides closure to a range of space physics science objectives in a reliable and mature spacecraft and mission design architecture. The mission is able to close using only a single Mod-1 Next-Generation Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (NG-RTG) by leveraging a concept of operations that relies of a significant hibernation mode for a large portion of its 22-day orbit.

The waters of Aotearoa New Zealand span over 4.2 million km2 of the South Pacific Ocean and harbour a rich diversity of seafloor-associated taxa. Due to the immensity and remoteness of the area, there are significant gaps in the availability of data that can be used to quantify and map the distribution of seafloor and demersal biodiversity, limiting effective management. In this study, we describe the development and accessibility of an online atlas of seabed biodiversity that aims to fill these gaps. Species distribution models were developed for 579 taxa across four taxonomic groups: demersal fish, reef fish, subtidal invertebrates and macroalgae. Spatial layers for taxa distribution based on habitat suitability were statistically validated and then, as a further check, evaluated by taxonomic experts to provide measures of confidence to guide the future use of these layers. Spatially explicit uncertainty (SD) layers were also developed for each taxon distribution. We generated layer-specific metadata, including statistical and expert evaluation scores, which were uploaded alongside the accompanying spatial layers to the open access database Zenodo. This database provides the most comprehensive source of information on the distribution of seafloor taxa for Aotearoa New Zealand and is thus a valuable resource for managers, researchers and the public that will guide the management and conservation of seafloor communities. The atlas of seabed biodiversity for Aotearoa New Zealand is freely accessible via the open-access database Zenodo under https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7083642 (Stephenson et al., 2022).