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\"An extremely detailed history of 160 hospital sites that formed to care for soldiers who were wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.\" -- Civil War Cycling Nearly 26,000 men were wounded in the three-day battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863).

In this paper we generalise to non-uniform grids of quad-tree type the Compact WENO reconstruction of Levy et al. (SIAM J Sci Comput 22(2):656–672, 2000 ), thus obtaining a truly two-dimensional non-oscillatory third order reconstruction with a very compact stencil and that does not involve mesh-dependent coefficients. This latter characteristic is quite valuable for its use in h-adaptive numerical schemes, since in such schemes the coefficients that depend on the disposition and sizes of the neighbouring cells (and that are present in many existing WENO-like reconstructions) would need to be recomputed after every mesh adaption. In the second part of the paper we propose a third order h-adaptive scheme with the above-mentioned reconstruction, an explicit third order TVD Runge–Kutta scheme and the entropy production error indicator proposed by Puppo and Semplice (Commun Comput Phys 10(5):1132–1160, 2011 ). After devising some heuristics on the choice of the parameters controlling the mesh adaption, we demonstrate with many numerical tests that the scheme can compute numerical solution whose error decays as ⟨ N ⟩ - 3 , where ⟨ N ⟩ is the average number of cells used during the computation, even in the presence of shock waves, by making a very effective use of h-adaptivity and the proposed third order reconstruction.

A comprehensive account of what came after the armies marched away from Gettysburg, the largest battle fought on the American continent, detailing who cared for the wounded and the dead, and how the citizens coped.

The requirements for future accelerator chains need to increase the injected beam brilliance significantly, still keeping high the beam quality in terms of reliability, reproducibility and stability. A roadmap for ion source development may consist of several steps: plasma simulation, multiphysics simulation of each system component, high-level control system, plasma characterization, beam characterization, data analysis and, again, plasma simulation. The cycle starts and ends with plasma simulation because it is the instrument that shows how different phenomena take part in the plasma and beam formation and because, in such a way, the accuracy grows with each cycle. Commercial multiphysics simulation tools are essential for adequately designing all ion source equipment: magnets, intense electrostatic field regions, microwave propagation and coupling, thermal dissipation and vacuum. The dependence of source performances from source parameters (magnetic field profile, gas pressure, microwave power) has been widely investigated using a high-level control system[1] able to test tens of thousands of source configurations without human interaction. This characterization technique allowed us to identify a new magnetic configuration, High Stability Microwave Discharge Ion Sources[2], that produces a beam with high stability, intensity and brilliance. The plasma simulation tool we developed discloses the role of two types of electrostatic waves in plasma formation and their correlation to stability. The simulation provides a complete view of ions and electrons energy and density distributions, the formation of the plasma meniscus and the beam extraction. The paper will present the results obtained with this development procedure on Microwave Discharge Ion Sources and how we started to apply it to the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources development.

Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring just before or during menstruation, in the absence of other diseases such as endometriosis. Prevalence rates are as high as 90 percent. Initial presentation of primary dysmenorrhea typically occurs in adolescence. It is a common cause of absenteeism and reduced quality of life in women. The problem is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Women with primary dysmenorrhea have increased production of endometrial prostaglandin, resulting in increased uterine tone and stronger, more frequent uterine contractions. A diagnostic evaluation is unnecessary in patients with typical symptoms and no risk factors for secondary causes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are the mainstay of treatment, with the addition of oral contraceptive pills when necessary. About 10 percent of affected women do not respond to these measures. It is important to consider secondary causes of dysmenorrhea in women who do not respond to initial treatment. Many alternative treatments (ranging from acupuncture to laparoscopic surgery) have been studied, but the supporting studies are small, with limited long-term follow-up.

An extended hydrodynamic model self-consistently coupled to the 2D Schrödinger and 3D Poisson equations is introduced, to describe charge transport in Silicon Nanowires. It is been formulated by taking the moments of the multisubband Boltzmann equation, and the closure relations for the fluxes and production terms have been obtained by means of the Maximum Entropy Principle. The low-field mobility for a Gate-All-Around in a SiNW transistor has been evaluated.

This paper investigates two approaches for solving bi-objective constrained minimum spanning tree problems. The first seeks to minimize the tree weight, keeping the problem’s additional objective as a constraint, and the second aims at minimizing the other objective while constraining the tree weight. As case studies, we propose and solve bi-objective generalizations of the Hop-Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (HCMST) and the Delay-Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (DCMST). First, we present an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation for the HCMST. Then, we propose a new compact mathematical model for the DCMST based on the well-known Miller–Tucker–Zemlin subtour elimination constraints. Next, we extend these formulations as bi-objective models and solve them using an Augmented ϵ-constraints method. Computational experiments performed on classical instances from the literature evaluated two different implementations of the Augmented ϵ-constraints method for each problem. Results indicate that the algorithm performs better when minimizing the tree weight while constraining the other objective since this implementation finds shorter running times than the one that minimizes the additional objective and constrains the tree weight.

Ground deformation and gravity changes in restless calderas during periods of unrest can signal an impending eruption and thus must be correctly interpreted for hazard evaluation. It is critical to differentiate variation of geophysical observables related to volume and pressure changes induced by magma migration from shallow hydrothermal activity associated with hot fluids of magmatic origin rising from depth. In this paper we present a numerical model to evaluate the thermo-poroelastic response of the hydrothermal system in a caldera setting by simulating pore pressure and thermal expansion associated with deep injection of hot fluids (water and carbon dioxide). Hydrothermal fluid circulation is simulated using TOUGH2, a multicomponent multiphase simulator of fluid flows in porous media. Changes in pore pressure and temperature are then evaluated and fed into a thermo-poroelastic model (one-way coupling), which is based on a finite-difference numerical method designed for axi-symmetric problems in unbounded domains.Informed by constraints available for the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), a series of simulations assess the influence of fluid injection rates and mechanical properties on the hydrothermal system, uplift and gravity. Heterogeneities in hydrological and mechanical properties associated with the presence of ring faults are a key determinant of the fluid flow pattern and consequently the geophysical observables. Peaks (in absolute value) of uplift and gravity change profiles computed at the ground surface are located close to injection points (namely at the centre of the model and fault areas). Temporal evolution of the ground deformation indicates that the contribution of thermal effects to the total uplift is almost negligible with respect to the pore pressure contribution during the first years of the unrest, but increases in time and becomes dominant after a long period of the simulation. After a transient increase over the first years of unrest, gravity changes become negative and decrease monotonically towards a steady-state value.Since the physics of the investigated hydrothermal system is similar to any fluid-filled reservoir, such as oil fields or CO2 reservoirs produced by sequestration, the generic formulation of the model will allow it to be employed in monitoring and interpretation of deformation and gravity data associated with other geophysical hazards that pose a risk to human activity.

In the last decades, the urban mobility has become a critical issue with several social, economic and ecological challenges. This is a consequence of the fast and unplanned cities growth and of the high population density in urban areas. In this context, we focus on the Disruption Scheduling problem on Urban Networks (DSUN) which consists in scheduling a set of planned disruptions in an urban road network while ensuring a path between all points of this network (strong connectivity in graph theory). Disruptions can break the urban network connection, requiring then to modify the routes direction (arcs reversals). Such situations may disturb the users’ habits. The goal of DSUN is (1) to minimize the number of arcs reversals and (2) the sum of the starting times to all disruptions simultaneously. DSUN is formalized in this study by means of a mathematical formulation. Moreover, since it is a bi-objective problem, we propose an exact algorithm based on the \\[\\epsilon \\]-constraint method. Computational experiments are performed on theoretical instances, as well as on realistic instances built from the road network map of Troyes city in France. The numerical results show that the exact algorithm can prove optimality for instances with up to 100 vertices and 20 disruptions.

This article deals with two min-max regret covering problems: the min-max regret Weighted Set Covering Problem (min-max regret WSCP) and the min-max regret Maximum Benefit Set Covering Problem (min-max regret MSCP). These problems are the robust optimization counterparts, respectively, of the Weighted Set Covering Problem and of the Maximum Benefit Set Covering Problem. In both problems, uncertainty in data is modeled by using an interval of continuous values, representing all the infinite values every uncertain parameter can assume. This study has the following major contributions: (i) a proof that MSCP is Σp2-Hard, (ii) a mathematical formulation for the min-max regret MSCP, (iii) exact and (iv) heuristic algorithms for the min-max regret WSCP and the min-max regret MSCP. We reproduce the main exact algorithms for the min-max regret WSCP found in the literature: a Logic-based Benders decomposition, an extended Benders decomposition and a branch-and-cut. In addition, such algorithms have been adapted for the min-max regret MSCP. Moreover, five heuristics are applied for both problems: two scenario-based heuristics, a path relinking, a pilot method and a linear programming-based heuristic. The goal is to analyze the impact of such methods on handling robust covering problems in terms of solution quality and performance.