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جامعات عظيمة : قصة تفوق الجامعات الأمريكية
إذا كانت الاكتشافات وإنتاج المعرفة الجديدة شروطا لا غنى عنها للتفوق، فهذا يدعونا للتساؤل حول سبب تفوق جامعات البحث الأمريكية، إن هذا الكتاب ينهض بمهمة الإجابة عن هذا السؤال من خلال ثلاثة محاور حيث يعرض الأول قصة تحول الجامعات الأمريكية ويحلل التاثيرات على تحولها من نظام محترم من البحث العالي على النظام الأفضل في العالم. كما يبين كيف تشكلت القيم، ويتناول المحور الثاني عددا من الاكتشافات التي قدمتها جامعات البحث الأمريكية والتي ساهمت في تغير نمط حياتنا الحديثة وهى مستمرة في دعم مستوى الحياة ونوعيتها كما يبحث في الاكتشافات التي طبقت بصورة خاطئة في الماضي وتأثيرها في بناء تراكم معرفي وتعلم رصين، المحور الثالث فيتناول التحديات التي تواجه الجامعات اليوم.
BOOK
Monitoring changes in landscape structure in the Adirondack-to-Laurentians (A2L) transboundary wildlife linkage between 1992 and 2018: Identifying priority areas for conservation and restoration
ContextAlthough many species have transboundary geographic ranges, most conservation initiatives do not cross political boundaries. The landscape between the Adirondack Mountains in New York and the Laurentian Mountains in Québec includes one of three potential north–south transboundary wildlife movement linkages that connect wilderness areas in northeastern USA and southeastern Canada. Although this region still maintains habitats of high ecological integrity and biodiversity, increasing land-cover changes and fragmentation are putting landscape connectivity at risk.ObjectivesWe measured changes in landscape composition and configuration within the Adirondack-to-Laurentians transboundary wildlife linkage (A2L) between 1992 and 2018 to identify priority areas for conservation and restoration.MethodsLand-cover change was calculated by measuring area and proportion of land-cover classes, and landscape fragmentation was determined by measuring patch number, mean patch size, the effective mesh size, and road density, at three spatial scales and four fragmentation geometries (i.e., combinations of fragmenting elements).ResultsExtensive changes in land-cover and landscape fragmentation occurred within the A2L between 1992 and 2018. Forest areas declined by 1363 km2 and wetlands declined by 1365 km2 (69%). This was most pronounced in the Québec portion of the A2L where wetland areas declined by 872 km2 (88.5%). Forest areas in the Québec portion experienced the greatest amount of fragmentation with a meff_CUT decline of 3262.5 km2 (58.5%) since 2000.ConclusionsCoordinated and collaborative transboundary conservation efforts help improve protection of species with transboundary ranges. Monitoring of land-cover changes and landscape fragmentation is an effective way to identify priority areas for conservation and support transboundary coordination. Strengthening conservation strategies that enhance landscape connectivity and protect ecosystems at the local level will help achieve post-2020 biodiversity commitments at the national and transboundary levels.
Journal Article
Toward a more perfect university
Cole \"identifies the ways America's great universities should evolve in the decades ahead to maintain their global preeminence and enhance their intellectual stature and social mission as higher education confronts the twenty-first-century developments in technology, humanities, culture, and economics\"--Dust jacket flap.
Book
Impacts of anthropogenic land transformation on species-specific habitat amount, fragmentation, and connectivity in the Adirondack-to-Laurentians (A2L) transboundary wildlife linkage between 2000 and 2015: Implications for conservation and ecological restoration
ContextThe Adirondack-to-Laurentians (A2L) transboundary wildlife linkage is one of three north–south movement linkages that connect natural areas in northeastern USA and southeastern Canada. This region still retains habitats of high ecological integrity and biodiversity; however, anthropogenic land transformation may be putting transboundary connectivity at risk.ObjectivesWe measured the impacts of anthropogenic land transformation on species-specific habitat amount, fragmentation, and connectivity in the A2L between 2000 and 2015.MethodsWe developed suitable habitat and resistance models for the American black bear (Ursus americanus), fisher (Pekania pennanti), moose (Alces alces), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to identify suitable and optimal habitat patches for each species. We quantified habitat amount, fragmentation, and connectivity, and used Linkage Mapper and Circuitscape to map corridors and pinch-points important for connectivity.ResultsIn the A2L between 2000 and 2015, suitable and optimal habitat patch area declined considerably, fragmentation increased, and inter-patch connectivity decreased for each species. Moose and black bear habitat patches experienced the greatest habitat loss, fragmentation, and decline in inter-patch connectivity. The majority of habitat patch area loss and fragmentation occurred in the southern Québec and Ontario portions.ConclusionsTo achieve long-term functionality of the A2L, collaborative and coordinated measures will be necessary to preserve the integrity of the Québec mega-patch, restore extensive habitat in eastern Ontario, and reestablish or maintain connectivity throughout the linkage. Left unaddressed, continued anthropogenic land transformation is likely to have detrimental effects on the ability of the A2L to function as a transboundary wildlife linkage.
Journal Article
Land conversion and lack of protection significantly reduce suitable wolf habitat amount and functional connectivity in the Adirondack-to-Laurentians (A2L) transboundary wildlife linkage
The Adirondack-to-Laurentians (A2L) transboundary wildlife linkage connects wilderness areas in the northeastern United States with southeastern Canada. However, land conversion is putting wolf habitat amount and functional connectivity at risk. With the exception of protected areas, hunting and trapping of wolves and coyotes are permitted within the Québec and Ontario portions, while hunting and trapping coyotes are permitted within the New York portion where wolves have been extirpated. Thus, the fear of humans strongly influences wolf habitat selection in this region. We assessed the impact of land conversion on wolf habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and functional connectivity in the A2L between 2000 and 2015 and identified potential suitable habitat patches and corridors for protection. Suitable habitat patch area decreased by 18,245 km2 (27%), with losses of 28% in the Québec portion, 95% in the Ontario portion, but only 0.3% in the New York portion. Habitat fragmentation, as measured by the effective mesh size, substantially increased in the Québec and Ontario portions, but only slightly in the New York portion. Functional connectivity significantly decreased, with mean distances and the cost of traveling these distances more than doubling. We propose nine recommendations centered on extensive habitat restoration and protected area expansion in the Québec and Ontario portions of the study area. Wolf recovery within the A2L will require collaborative and coordinated transboundary conservation and the protection of suitable habitat patches and corridors, or the legal protection of both wolves and coyotes within the suitable habitat patches and corridors, to ensure that wolves are not harvested as they disperse and colonize new locations.
Journal Article
Who's afraid of academic freedom?
In these seventeen essays, distinguished senior scholars discuss the conceptual issues surrounding the idea of freedom of inquiry and scrutinize a variety of obstacles to such inquiry that they have encountered in their personal and professional experience. Their discussion of threats to freedom traverses a wide disciplinary and institutional, political and economic range covering specific restrictions linked to speech codes, the interests of donors, institutional review board licensing, political pressure groups, and government policy, as well as phenomena of high generality, such as intellectual orthodoxy, in which coercion is barely visible and often self-imposed. As the editors say in their introduction: \"No freedom can be taken for granted, even in the most well-functioning of formal democracies. Exposing the tendencies that undermine freedom of inquiry and their hidden sources and widespread implications is in itself an exercise in and for democracy.\"
eBook
