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هرم التدخلات السلوكية : سبعة مفاتيح لبيئة تعلمية إيجابية
يقدم هذا الكتاب الاستراتيجيات العملية التي تحتاجها المدارس لتعليم السلوك الملائم بشكل مقصود ولتستجيب عندما يحتاج الطلاب لدعم إضافي ولم تكن توصيات المؤلفين عبارة عن نظريات فقط، لكنها عمليات وممارسات ثبت نجاحها ومستقاه من مدارس ناجمة وقدم (ويبر، كولمان وهيرك) خارطة طريق بسيطة بشكل ملحوظ لضمان النجاح لكل الطلاب والمعلمين في أنظمة المدارس المتغيرة باستمرار والتي أصبحت معقدة ومتنوعة بشكل متزايد ويقدم هذا الكتاب في الوقت المناسب التفاصيل، البحوث، الإجراءات العملية والأمثلة المقنعة ليمكن المديرين، فريق العمل الإداري، فرق البناء والمعلمين من اعتماد المقاربات بكل ثقة.
BOOK
Exploring the biological functional mechanism of the HMGB1/TLR4/MD-2 complex by surface plasmon resonance
Background
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) was first identified as a nonhistone chromatin-binding protein that functions as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern molecule when released from necrotic cells or activated leukocytes. HMGB1 consists of two structurally similar HMG boxes that comprise the pro-inflammatory (B-box) and the anti-inflammatory (A-box) domains. Paradoxically, the A-box also contains the epitope for the well-characterized anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody “2G7”, which also potently inhibits HMGB1-mediated inflammation in a wide variety of in vivo models. The molecular mechanisms through which the A-box domain inhibits the inflammatory activity of HMGB1 and 2G7 exerts anti-inflammatory activity after binding the A-box domain have been a mystery. Recently, we demonstrated that: 1) the TLR4/MD-2 receptor is required for HMGB1-mediated cytokine production and 2) the HMGB1–TLR4/MD-2 interaction is controlled by the redox state of HMGB1 isoforms.
Methods
We investigated the interactions of HMGB1 isoforms (redox state) or HMGB1 fragments (A- and B-box) with TLR4/MD-2 complex using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies.
Results
Our results demonstrate that: 1) intact HMGB1 binds to TLR4 via the A-box domain with high affinity but an appreciable dissociation rate; 2) intact HMGB1 binds to MD-2 via the B-box domain with low affinity but a very slow dissociation rate; and 3) HMGB1 A-box domain alone binds to TLR4 more stably than the intact protein and thereby antagonizes HMGB1 by blocking HMGB1 from interacting with the TLR4/MD-2 complex.
Conclusions
These findings not only suggest a model whereby HMGB1 interacts with TLR4/MD-2 in a two-stage process but also explain how the A-box domain and 2G7 inhibit HMGB1.
Journal Article
Monkeypox virus-infected individuals mount comparable humoral immune responses as Smallpox-vaccinated individuals
In early 2022, a cluster of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection (mpox) cases were identified within the UK with no prior travel history to MPXV-endemic regions. Subsequently, case numbers exceeding 80,000 were reported worldwide, primarily affecting gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Public health agencies worldwide have offered the IMVANEX Smallpox vaccination to these individuals at high-risk to provide protection and limit the spread of MPXV. We have developed a comprehensive array of ELISAs to study poxvirus-induced antibodies, utilising 24 MPXV and 3 Vaccinia virus (VACV) recombinant antigens. Panels of serum samples from individuals with differing Smallpox-vaccine doses and those with prior MPXV infection were tested on these assays, where we observed that one dose of Smallpox vaccination induces a low number of antibodies to a limited number of MPXV antigens but increasing with further vaccination doses. MPXV infection induced similar antibody responses to diverse poxvirus antigens observed in Smallpox-vaccinated individuals. We identify MPXV A27 as a serological marker of MPXV-infection, whilst MPXV M1 (VACV L1) is likely IMVANEX-specific. Here, we demonstrate analogous humoral antigen recognition between both MPXV-infected or Smallpox-vaccinated individuals, with binding to diverse yet core set of poxvirus antigens, providing opportunities for future vaccine (e.g., mRNA) and therapeutic (e.g., mAbs) design.
In this work, Otter et al. compared the humoral immune responses induced by MPXV infection and Smallpox vaccination. Although comparable responses were observed, infection- or vaccination specific serological markers were identified enabling discrimination between vaccinated and infected individuals.
Journal Article
Predictors of Postpartum Return to Smoking
Abstract
Background
Finding effective ways to help pregnant women quit smoking and remain abstinent is a major public health issue. Approximately half of UK women who smoke attempt cessation after conception; unfortunately, up to 75% return to smoking within 12 months postpartum. Interventions for preventing postpartum return to smoking (PPRS) have not been found to be effective. It is important to identify factors associated with PPRS, to inform development of alternative interventions.
Aim
Identify by systematic review factors associated with PPRS.
Methods
Systematic searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL), trials registers, and conference proceedings were conducted to November 2016. Studies statistically examining factors associated with PPRS were included. Modified versions of the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale were used to assess studies’ quality and a narrative synthesis focused on those judged of high quality.
Results
Thirty-nine studies (12 trials, 27 observational studies) were included. Thirty-one (79.5%) studies were high-quality. Among these, the most common significant predictors of PPRS were being less well educated, younger, multiparous, living with a partner or household member who smoked, experiencing higher stress, depression or anxiety, not breastfeeding, intending to quit only for pregnancy and low confidence to remain abstinent postpartum.
Conclusions
Of the factors found to be associated with PPRS, intending to quit smoking only for the duration of pregnancy, partner/household member smoking and confidence to remain abstinent are those most likely to have a direct, causal impact on smoking behavior after childbirth, and need to be considered when designing interventions to prevent PPRS.
Implications
This is the first systematic review of factors that may facilitate or inhibit PPRS. Considering how having a partner or household member who smokes, intending to quit smoking only for pregnancy, having self-efficacy to quit long term, breastfeeding and depression exert direct or indirect impacts on women’s relapse to smoking and how such impacts could successfully be manipulated will inform development of new interventions to prevent PPRS.
Journal Article
Extremely acidophilic filamentous fungi are more prevalent in diverse ecosystems than previously documented
The study of extremophiles can lead to the discovery of highly tolerant enzymes of value to biotechnology, and extreme environments are typically sampled to facilitate their discovery. Here, we show that extreme acidotolerant filamentous fungi, able to grow at pH < 1, can be found when sampling highly diverse environments, from industrial sites with low pH to typical non-acidic plant and soil samples. Over 100 fungal strains were isolated from over 2,000 samples taken from across Vietnam, and many of the strains were able to grow over wide pH ranges, displaying either acidotolerance or clear acidophilicity. ITS sequencing revealed that 63 isolates represent 12 previously undescribed species, with the majority from the
Talaromyces
or
Penicillium
genera. We furthermore report the rediscovery of the previously lost, historically significant acidophile
Acontium velatum
. Screening of selected fungal secretomes for polysaccharide-cleaving activity revealed that many show broad tolerance to harsh conditions (pH, temperature, organic solvents). Our work greatly expands on the diversity of identified extreme acidotolerant and acidophilic filamentous fungi, which can serve as sources of industrially relevant enzymes. For most species identified, acid tolerance or acidophilicity has not previously been reported, and our results showcase that acidophilicity is more widespread than previously appreciated.
Journal Article
Evaluating blood sampling strategies within the SIREN study: the experience from a large cohort of healthcare workers in the UK
Background
Delivering research studies that require a large number of samples to monitor specific populations is complex, often resulting in high costs and intricate logistics. We aim to describe the processes for blood sample collection and management and evaluate alternative sampling methods within a large cohort of healthcare workers in the UK (the SIREN study).
Methods
We conducted a process evaluation. First, we described blood sample collection and management across different study periods from June 2020 to March 2024 and how these evolved over time. Secondly, we compared alternative methods of blood sampling: venous phlebotomy (hospital-based) vs. capillary sampling (at-home).
Results
The main challenges with blood sampling within SIREN stemmed from the scale and use of decentralised phlebotomy across 135 hospital sites during the COVID-19 pandemic. We adapted our sampling processes as the study progressed, overcoming most of these challenges. When comparing hospital-based and at-home sampling, overall, return rates of samples taken at home were higher than site- based samples (80% vs 71%, respectively). At-home samples took less time to be returned to UKHSA Laboratory for testing compared to hospital-based samples (median 2 days; interquartile (IQ) 2–3) vs 6 days; IQ 3–8). However, at-home samples were more likely to be considered void (4%) when tested compared to hospital-based samples (0%). Cost for hospital-based sampling was almost 3-times higher than at-home sampling (£34.05 vs £11.50, respectively), although larger sample volumes were obtained via hospital-based sampling when compared to at-home sampling (8 ml vs 600 µl of whole blood).
Conclusions
Sample collection and management in large scale research studies are complex. Our results support at-home blood sampling as an effective and cheaper strategy when compared to hospital-based phlebotomy and therefore should be considered as alternative sampling method for future research.
Trial registration number
ISRCTN11041050—registration date 12/01/2021.
Journal Article
Developing a taxonomy to describe offspring outcomes in studies involving pregnant mammals’ exposure to non-tobacco nicotine: A systematic scoping review
Many countries recommend Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation in pregnancy. Preclinical studies of nicotine exposure to pregnant mammals could indicate how nicotine may adversely affect the developing fetus. As a first step towards summarising this literature, we undertook a systematic scoping review to determine the number and nature of offspring outcomes studied.
We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for papers reporting empirical data on offspring outcomes following nicotine exposure to pregnant non-human mammals. We excluded studies that investigated exposure to only smoking, e-cigarettes, nicotine vaccines, or studies with no 'nicotine only' group. We developed a draft taxonomy and using this, described and quantified outcomes reported.
We identified 476 studies, which reported 729 offspring outcomes. The draft taxonomy classified outcomes as being measured in i) whole animals, ii) body systems and iii) 'other'. Body system outcomes were further categorised as being functional changes, or changes at macroscopic or cellular levels. The most frequently used outcomes were those detecting changes in the brain (n = 265), physical parameters measured in whole animals (n = 122) and any respiratory system changes (n = 97).
This scoping review quantifies the nature and frequency of outcomes used in preclinical studies investigating the potential impacts of nicotine administration in pregnancy on offspring. Systematic reviews of studies investigating outcomes involving animal brains, respiratory system, or 'whole animal' outcomes may have greatest potential for further advancing knowledge regarding impacts of gestational nicotine exposure on offspring.
Protocol for this review can be found on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ptmzc/).
Journal Article
Status and Impact of Walnut Twig Beetle in Urban Forest, Orchard, and Native Forest Ecosystems
Abstract
The walnut twig beetle, a native phloem-boring bark beetle originating on Arizona walnut, has invaded urban, orchard, and native forest habitats throughout the USA as well as in Italy. Although the beetle has been associated with dead and dying walnut trees indigenous to riparian forests of the Southwest, the primary impact appears to have been on the health of landscape black walnut trees in urban and peri-urban sites in western US states, and in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. This has been reflected in numbers of trees removed and tree removal costs. In addition, trees have been killed in the primary US Juglans germplasm repository in northern California, and low, but measureable, tree mortality has occurred in some English walnut orchards in California’s Central Valley. As assessed under multiple circumstances, tree decline and mortality appear to develop gradually in response to infestations by this beetle.
Journal Article
Evidence for Semiochemical Divergence Between Sibling Bark Beetle Species: Dendroctonus brevicomis and Dendroctonus barberi
We investigated geographic variation in the semiochemistry of major disturbance agents of western North American pine forests, Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte and Dendroctonus barberi Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), species separated by the Great Basin in the USA that until recently were synonymous. At 15 sites in the western USA and northern Mexico, beetle populations were examined to determine (1) pheromone production by solitary, mining females, (2) male electroantennogram amplitudes in response to known semiochemicals for the genus, or (3) relative attractiveness of two female-produced pheromone components (endo- and exo-brevicomin) and two host odors (alpha-pinene and myrcene) to beetles in the field. Compared to female beetles collected east of the Great Basin (D. barberi), western females (D. brevicomis) produced a consistently higher proportion of, and male antenna were correspondingly more sensitive to, the exo- than the endo-isomer of brevicomin. With the exception of one sampling location (where no preference was observed), beetles west of the Great Basin were more attracted to exo- than endo- brevicomin trap lures, whereas eastern beetles displayed the reverse preference. In contrast, there was not a consistent difference between these populations regarding relative attraction or olfactory response to myrcene or alpha-pinene, although some geographic variability was evident. These data show that the semiochemical systems of D. brevicomis and D. barberi have diverged and corroborate genetic and morphological evidence that they are distinct, allopatric species.
Journal Article