Explore the vast range of titles available.

Mice harboring a mutation in the gene encoding gastric intrinsic factor (Gif), a protein essential for the absorption of vitamin B 12 /cobalamin (Cbl), have potential as a model to explore the role of vitamins in infection. The levels of Cbl in the blood of Gif tm1a/tm1a mutant mice were influenced by the maternal genotype, with offspring born to heterozygous (high Cbl, F 1 ) mothers exhibiting a significantly higher serum Cbl level than those born to homozygous (low Cbl, F 2 ) equivalents. Low Cbl levels correlated with susceptibility to an infectious challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or Citrobacter rodentium , and this susceptibility phenotype was moderated by Cbl administration. Transcriptional and metabolic profiling revealed that Cbl deficient mice exhibited a bioenergetic shift similar to a metabolic phenomenon commonly found in cancerous cells under hypoxic conditions known as the Warburg effect, with this metabolic effect being exacerbated further by infection. Our findings demonstrate a role for Cbl in bacterial infection, with potential general relevance to dietary deficiency and infection susceptibility. IMPORTANCE Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in countries with weak infrastructures. In communities with a high prevalence of poor diet, malnourishment and infectious disease can impact vulnerable individuals such as pregnant women and children. Here, we describe a highly flexible murine model for monitoring maternal and environmental influences of vitamin B 12 metabolism. We also demonstrate the potential importance of vitamin B 12 in controlling susceptibility to bacterial pathogens such as C. rodentium and S . Typhimurium. We postulate that this model, along with similarly vitamin deficient mice, could be used to further explore the mechanisms associated with micronutrients and susceptibility to diseases, thereby increasing our understanding of disease in the malnourished. Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in countries with weak infrastructures. In communities with a high prevalence of poor diet, malnourishment and infectious disease can impact vulnerable individuals such as pregnant women and children. Here, we describe a highly flexible murine model for monitoring maternal and environmental influences of vitamin B 12 metabolism. We also demonstrate the potential importance of vitamin B 12 in controlling susceptibility to bacterial pathogens such as C. rodentium and S . Typhimurium. We postulate that this model, along with similarly vitamin deficient mice, could be used to further explore the mechanisms associated with micronutrients and susceptibility to diseases, thereby increasing our understanding of disease in the malnourished.

CME Educational Objectives 1. Identify the time frame that distinguishes concussion with typical recovery trajectory vs. atypical prolonged recovery trajectory. 2. Use directed physical examination to identify deficits that may be addressed by targeted rehabilitation strategies. 3. Implement exercise strategies in the rehabilitation of concussion with atypical prolonged recovery outside of the typical return-to-play protocol. Most pediatric and adolescent concussion patients will heal within 1 month. However, 10% to 20% of adolescent concussions will take longer than 1 month to heal. In this subgroup, prolonged symptoms might include vestibular system deficits, residual neck muscle whiplash injury, exercise intolerance/dysautonomia, and memory issues. At this stage in recovery, these problems respond better to “active rehabilitation” via specific targeted strategies rather than to strict rest. During follow-up office visits, a careful history and physical exam can elicit specific deficits and help customize a rehabilitation program to maximize recovery.

Parental care is widespread in Archosaurs (birds, crocodilians, dinosaurs and pterosaurs) and this group provides a useful model for the evolution of parent-offspring interactions. While offspring signalling has been well-studied in birds, the modulation of parental care in crocodilians remains an open question. Here we show that acoustic communication has a key role in the dynamics of crocodilian’ mother-offspring relationships. We found embedded information about the emitter’s size in juvenile calls of several species and experimentally demonstrated that Nile crocodile mothers breeding in the wild are less receptive to the calls of larger juveniles. Using synthetized sounds, we further showed that female’ reaction depends on call pitch, an important cue bearing size information. Changes in acoustic interactions may thus go with the break of maternal care as well as dispersal of juvenile crocodilians. This process could have characterized other archosaurs displaying rapid early growth such as dinosaurs and pterosaurs.

The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a brief overview of symptoms, assessment, and treatment of speech, language, and feeding impairments in infants and children following a stroke. Due to the heterogeneous nature of this population and paucity of research related to treatment of children poststroke in these areas, no single treatment approach has been shown to be comprehensive and reliable. Although various structured speech and language programs have been well researched with adults, further study and validation are needed before the findings can be generalized to the pediatric population. Pediatric speech-language pathologists must employ an eclectic approach pulling from a variety of adult programs and developmental approaches. Involvement of caregivers will be a vital component of treatment to encourage carryover and generalization of skills into natural environments. In general, therapists need to consider the individual strengths and weaknesses of every child and family and develop treatment plans accordingly.

The current concept is that the eye is an immune privileged site endowed with innate immune regulatory networks to maintain organ function. We now have evidence that resident T cells occupy intraocular tissues. In immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, tissue resident T cells trigger disease flares in the skin and joints. This suggests resident T cells in the uvea may have similar functions in non-infectious immune-mediated uveitis, a collective term for autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases of the uveal tract causing intraocular inflammation. Here, we demonstrate by spectral cytometry and immunofluorescence imaging that non-inflamed uveal tissue contains multiple T cell subtypes including CD8 +  CD103 +  tissue resident memory T (T RM ) cells. Using single cell RNA & T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to profile aqueous humour cells from donors with acute, active uveitis, we identify clonally expanded T cells which are enriched for T RM -associated genes. We further show that in donors with active uveitis, CD8 +  CD103 +  T cells persist within tissue in the uveal tract. Using bulk RNA sequencing and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) we show that quiescent iris tissue from donors with a history of uveitis are enriched for genes associated with T cell activation and antigen presentation. Finally, we demonstrate that T RM cells persist in the anterior uvea in mice following resolution of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Our results show that the human eye contains T cells both in health and during active inflammation. Our findings challenge the dogma that the eye is devoid of lymphocytes and supports the concept of resident T cell involvement in the pathogenesis of non-infectious immune-mediated uveitis and as promising targets for therapy.