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"Collins, Jamie"
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Sport skill acquisition : integrating theory and practice
\"This textbook considers three theoretical approaches to skill acquisition exploring how these different approaches can be used separately or in a blended form, which the authors term Professional Judgement and Decision Making (PJDM), or the \"It Depends\" approach. The mental, organizational, planning, and social aspects of skill are discussed, along with practical guidance on how skill can best be planned for, developed, executed, and integrated\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Effectiveness of Knee Injury and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis
Individuals frequently involved in jumping, pivoting or cutting are at increased risk of knee injury, including anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. We sought to use meta-analytic techniques to establish whether neuromuscular and proprioceptive training is efficacious in preventing knee and ACL injury and to identify factors related to greater efficacy of such programs.
We performed a systematic literature search of studies published in English between 1996 and 2014. Intervention efficacy was ascertained from incidence rate ratios (IRRs) weighted by their precision (1/variance) using a random effects model. Separate analyses were performed for knee and ACL injury. We examined whether year of publication, study quality, or specific components of the intervention were associated with efficacy of the intervention in a meta-regression analysis.
Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were used in the meta-analysis. The mean study sample was 1,093 subjects. Twenty studies reported data on knee injury in general terms and 16 on ACL injury. Maximum Jadad score was 3 (on a 0-5 scale). The summary incidence rate ratio was estimated at 0.731 (95% CI: 0.614, 0.871) for knee injury and 0.493 (95% CI: 0.285, 0.854) for ACL injury, indicating a protective effect of intervention. Meta-regression analysis did not identify specific intervention components associated with greater efficacy but established that later year of publication was associated with more conservative estimates of intervention efficacy.
The current meta-analysis provides evidence that neuromuscular and proprioceptive training reduces knee injury in general and ACL injury in particular. Later publication date was associated with higher quality studies and more conservative efficacy estimates. As study quality was generally low, these data suggest that higher quality studies should be implemented to confirm the preventive efficacy of such programs.
Journal Article
Validation of the Fitbit Charge 2 compared to the ActiGraph GT3X+ in older adults with knee osteoarthritis in free-living conditions
To evaluate physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA) measured by the Fitbit Charge 2 (Fitbit) and a wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ (AGW) compared to the hip-worn ActiGraph (AGH).
We recruited a cohort of subjects with knee OA from rheumatology clinics. Subjects wore the AGH for four weeks, AGW for two weeks, and Fitbit for two weeks over a four-week study period. We collected accelerometer counts (ActiGraphs) and steps (ActiGraphs, Fitbit) and calculated time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous activity. We used triaxial PA intensity count cut-points from the literature for ActiGraph and a stride length-based cadence algorithm to categorize Fitbit PA. We compared Fitbit wear times calculated from a step-based algorithm and a novel algorithm that incorporates steps and heart rate (HR).
We enrolled 15 subjects (67% female, mean age 68 years). Relative to AGH, Fitbit, on average, overestimated steps by 39% and sedentary time by 37% and underestimated MVPA by 5 minutes. Relative to AGH, AGW overestimated steps 116%, underestimated sedentary time by 66%, and captured 281 additional MVPA minutes. The step-based wear time Fitbit algorithm captured 14% less wear time than the HR-based algorithm.
Fitbit overestimates steps and underestimates MVPA in knee OA subjects. Cut-offs validated for AGW should be developed to support the use of AGW for PA assessment. The HR-based Fitbit algorithm captured more wear time than the step-based algorithm. These data provide critical insight for researchers planning to use commercially-available accelerometers in pragmatic studies.
Journal Article
Predictive validity of biochemical biomarkers in knee osteoarthritis: data from the FNIH OA Biomarkers Consortium
ObjectiveTo investigate a targeted set of biochemical biomarkers as predictors of clinically relevant osteoarthritis (OA) progression.MethodsEighteen biomarkers were measured at baseline, 12 months (M) and 24 M in serum (s) and/or urine (u) of cases (n=194) from the OA initiative cohort with knee OA and radiographic and persistent pain worsening from 24 to 48 M and controls (n=406) not meeting both end point criteria. Primary analyses used multivariable regression models to evaluate the association between biomarkers (baseline and time-integrated concentrations (TICs) over 12 and 24 M, transposed to z values) and case status, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, race, baseline radiographic joint space width, Kellgren-Lawrence grade, pain and pain medication use. For biomarkers with adjusted p<0.1, the c-statistic (area under the curve (AUC)), net reclassification index and the integrated discrimination improvement index were used to further select for hierarchical multivariable discriminative analysis and to determine the most predictive and parsimonious model.ResultsThe 24 M TIC of eight biomarkers significantly predicted case status (ORs per 1 SD change in biomarker): sCTXI 1.28, sHA 1.22, sNTXI 1.25, uC2C-HUSA 1.27, uCTXII, 1.37, uNTXI 1.29, uCTXIα 1.32, uCTXIβ 1.27. 24 M TIC of uCTXII (1.47–1.72) and uC2C-Human Urine Sandwich Assay (HUSA) (1.36–1.50) both predicted individual group status (pain worsening, joint space loss and their combination). The most predictive and parsimonious combinatorial model for case status consisted of 24 M TIC uCTXII, sHA and sNTXI (AUC 0.667 adjusted). Baseline uCTXII and uCTXIα both significantly predicted case status (OR 1.29 and 1.20, respectively).ConclusionsSeveral systemic candidate biomarkers hold promise as predictors of pain and structural worsening of OA.
Journal Article
Why Firms Engage in Corruption: A Top Management Perspective
This study builds upon the top management literature to predict and test antecedents to firms' engagement in corruption. Building on a survey of 341 executives in India, we find that if executives have social ties with government officials, their firms are more likely to engage in corruption. Further, these executives are likely to rationalize engaging in corruption as a necessity for being competitive. The results collectively illustrate the role that executives' social ties and perceptions have in shaping illegal actions of their respective firms.
Journal Article
Longitudinal validation of periarticular bone area and 3D shape as biomarkers for knee OA progression? Data from the FNIH OA Biomarkers Consortium
ObjectiveTo perform a longitudinal validation study of imaging bone biomarkers of knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression.MethodsWe undertook a nested case–control study within the Osteoarthritis Initiative in knees (one knee per subject) with a Kellgren and Lawrence grade of 1–3. Cases were defined as knees having the combination of medial tibiofemoral radiographic progression and pain progression at the 24-month, 36-month or 48-month follow-up compared with baseline. Controls (n=406) were eligible knees that did not meet both endpoint criteria and included 200 with neither radiographic nor pain progression, 103 with radiographic progression only and 103 with pain progression only. Bone surfaces in medial and lateral femur, tibia and patella compartments were segmented from MR images using active appearance models. Independent variables of primary interest included change from baseline to 24 months in (1) total area of bone and (2) position on three-dimensional (3D) bone shape vectors that discriminate OA versus non-OA shapes. We assessed the association of bone markers changes over 24 months with progression using logistic regression.Results24-month changes in bone area and shape in all compartments were greater in cases than controls, with ORs of being a case per 1 SD increase in bone area ranging from 1.28 to 1.71 across compartments, and per 1 SD greater change in 3D shape vectors ranging from 1.22 to 1.64. Bone markers were associated most strongly with radiographic progression and only weakly with pain progression.ConclusionsIn knees with mild-to-moderate radiographic OA, changes in bone area and shape over 24 months are associated with the combination of radiographic and pain progression over 48 months. This finding of association with longer term clinical outcome underscores their potential for being an efficacy of intervention biomarker in clinical trials.
Journal Article
Structural phenotypes of knee osteoarthritis: potential clinical and research relevance
A joint contains many different tissues that can exhibit pathological changes, providing many potential targets for treatment. Researchers are increasingly suggesting that osteoarthritis (OA) comprises several phenotypes or subpopulations. Consequently, a treatment for OA that targets only one pathophysiologic abnormality is unlikely to be similarly efficacious in preventing or delaying the progression of all the different phenotypes of structural OA. Five structural phenotypes have been proposed, namely the inflammatory, meniscus-cartilage, subchondral bone, and atrophic and hypertrophic phenotypes. The inflammatory phenotype is characterized by marked synovitis and/or joint effusion, while the meniscus-cartilage phenotype exhibits severe meniscal and cartilage damage. Large bone marrow lesions characterize the subchondral bone phenotype. The hypertrophic and atrophic OA phenotype are defined based on the presence large osteophytes or absence of any osteophytes, respectively, in the presence of concomitant cartilage damage. Limitations of the concept of structural phenotyping are that they are not mutually exclusive and that more than one phenotype may be present. It must be acknowledged that a wide range of views exist on how best to operationalize the concept of structural OA phenotypes and that the concept of structural phenotypic characterization is still in its infancy. Structural phenotypic stratification, however, may result in more targeted trial populations with successful outcomes and practitioners need to be aware of the heterogeneity of the disease to personalize their treatment recommendations for an individual patient. Radiologists should be able to define a joint at risk for progression based on the predominant phenotype present at different disease stages.
Journal Article
Genicular Artery Embolization as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis Related Knee Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
ObjectiveGenicular artery embolization (GAE) is a minimally invasive therapy for symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) in patients with knee pain refractory to conservative management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of GAE for OA related knee pain as part of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and MethodsUsing Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science, a systematic review was performed to identify studies evaluating treatment of knee OA with GAE. The primary outcome measure was change in pain scale score at 6 months. A Hedge’s g was computed as a measure of effect size, selecting Visual Analog Scale (VAS) first if available and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index if VAS was not available.ResultsAfter screening titles, abstracts, and the full text, 10 studies met inclusion criteria. A total of 351 treated knees were included. Patients who underwent GAE demonstrated declines in VAS pain scores at 1 month {− 34 points [95% CI (− 43.8, − 24.6)], 3 months {− 30 points [95% CI (− 41.7, − 19.2)], 6 months {− 41 points [95% CI (− 54.0, − 27.2)], and 12 months {− 37 points [95% CI (− 55.0, − 18.1)]. Hedges’ g from baseline to 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, was {− 1.3 [95% CI (− 1.6, − 0.97)]}, {− 1.2 [95% CI (− 1.54, − 0.84)]}, {− 1.4 [95% CI (− 2.1, − 0.8)]}, and {− 1.25 [95% CI (− 2.0, − 0.6)]}, respectively.ConclusionGAE provides durable reductions in pain scores for patients suffering with mild, moderate, and severe OA.
Journal Article
Biomarkers in osteoarthritis: current status and outlook — the FNIH Biomarkers Consortium PROGRESS OA study
Currently, no disease-modifying therapies are approved for osteoarthritis (OA) use. One obstacle to trial success in this field has been our existing endpoints’ limited validity and responsiveness. To overcome this impasse, the Foundation for the NIH OA Biomarkers Consortium is focused on investigating biomarkers for a prognostic context of use for subsequent qualification through regulatory agencies. This narrative review describes this activity and the work underway, focusing on the PROGRESS OA study.
Journal Article