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Local regional recurrence (LRR) remains the primary cause of treatment failure in solid tumors despite advancements in cancer therapies. Canady Helios Cold Plasma (CHCP) is a novel Cold Atmospheric Plasma device that generates an Electromagnetic Field and Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species to induce cancer cell death. In the first FDA-approved Phase I trial (March 2020–April 2021), 20 patients with stage IV or recurrent solid tumors underwent surgical resection combined with intra-operative CHCP treatment. Safety was the primary endpoint; secondary endpoints were non-LRR, survival, cancer cell death, and the preservation of surrounding healthy tissue. CHCP did not impact intraoperative physiological data (p > 0.05) or cause any related adverse events. Overall response rates at 26 months for R0 and R0 with microscopic positive margin (R0-MPM) patients were 69% (95% CI, 19–40%) and 100% (95% CI, 100–100.0%), respectively. Survival rates for R0 (n = 7), R0-MPM (n = 5), R1 (n = 6), and R2 (n = 2) patients at 28 months were 86%, 40%, 67%, and 0%, respectively. The cumulative overall survival rate was 24% at 31 months (n = 20, 95% CI, 5.3–100.0). CHCP treatment combined with surgery is safe, selective towards cancer, and demonstrates exceptional LRR control in R0 and R0-MPM patients. (Clinical Trials identifier: NCT04267575).

PurposeAnterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common surgical treatment for degenerative disease in the cervical spine. However, resultant biomechanical alterations may predispose to early-onset adjacent segment degeneration (EO-ASD), which may become symptomatic and require reoperation. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model to predict EO-ASD following ACDF.MethodsRetrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients undergoing ACDF at a quaternary referral medical center was performed. Patients > 18 years of age with > 6 months of follow-up and complete pre- and postoperative X-ray and MRI imaging were included. An ML-based algorithm was developed to predict EO-ASD based on preoperative demographic, clinical, and radiographic parameters, and model performance was evaluated according to discrimination and overall performance.ResultsIn total, 366 ACDF patients were included (50.8% male, mean age 51.4 ± 11.1 years). Over 18.7 ± 20.9 months of follow-up, 97 (26.5%) patients developed EO-ASD. The model demonstrated good discrimination and overall performance according to precision (EO-ASD: 0.70, non-ASD: 0.88), recall (EO-ASD: 0.73, non-ASD: 0.87), accuracy (0.82), F1-score (0.79), Brier score (0.203), and AUC (0.794), with C4/C5 posterior disc bulge, C4/C5 anterior disc bulge, C6 posterior superior osteophyte, presence of osteophytes, and C6/C7 anterior disc bulge identified as the most important predictive features.ConclusionsThrough an ML approach, the model identified risk factors and predicted development of EO-ASD following ACDF with good discrimination and overall performance. By addressing the shortcomings of traditional statistics, ML techniques can support discovery, clinical decision-making, and precision-based spine care.

Background Diffuse-type pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) has a high local recurrence rate and as such can lead to erosive destruction of the involved joint. Multiple surgical modalities exist, but it is unknown which technique best minimizes local recurrence and surgical morbidity. Questions/purposes We compared recurrence rates, arthritis progression, and complications between arthroscopic and open modalities for diffuse PVNS of the knee. Methods We retrospectively identified 103 patients with PVNS treated between 1993 and 2011. Of these, 48 had diffuse-type PVNS of the knee treated by all-arthroscopic, open posterior with arthroscopic anterior, or open anterior and open posterior synovectomy. We recorded patient demographics, treatment profiles, recurrence rates, and arthritic progression. Minimum followup was 3 months (median, 40 months; range, 3–187 months). Results Recurrence rates were lower in the open/arthroscopic group compared with the arthroscopic or open/open groups: 9% versus 62% versus 64%, respectively. Arthritic progression occurred in 17% of the total study group with 8% going onto total knee arthroplasty within the followup period. We detected no difference between groups with regard to arthritic progression or progression to arthroplasty. The most common complication was hemarthrosis, which we drained in three patients (6% of the total study group), but there were no detectable differences between groups. Conclusion Open posterior with arthroscopic anterior synovectomy is a viable, comprehensive approach to diffuse PVNS of the knee and provides both low recurrence rates and a low postoperative complication profile. Greater numbers of recurrences may be partially explained in the arthroscopic group by technical challenges associated with posterior arthroscopic synovectomy and in the open/open group by selection bias toward more aggressive disease. Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Introduction. Limb salvage surgery (LSS) is the preferred surgical treatment for bone sarcomas. Preoperatively, many patients receive chemotherapy and may develop neutropenia. No study has evaluated the effect of a low preoperative absolute neutrophil count (ANC) on postoperative outcomes following LSS. Methods. This was a retrospective review of 114 patients who underwent LSS for bone sarcoma from 2010 to 2020. Preoperative lab values were analyzed by logistic regression to identify the risk of developing surgical complications within 30 days, surgical site infection (SSI), and reoperation. Results. Three (2.6%) patients experienced a surgical complication within 30 days. Twelve (10.53%) patients experienced postoperative SSI. Twenty-nine (25.4%) required reoperation. Preoperative ANC was not a significant predictor of surgical complications within 30 days, SSI, or reoperation. The only independent predictor of worse overall survival was the presence of a pathologic fracture at the time of surgery. Conclusion. This is the first study to evaluate preoperative ANC on postoperative outcomes following LSS. We report no significant differences in surgical complications within 30 days, SSI, or reoperation with low preoperative ANC. Future studies with larger cohorts of neutropenic patients are needed to evaluate these outcomes, as our cohort had very few neutropenic patients due to selection bias.

BackgroundAlthough internal hemipelvectomies with sacroiliac resections are not traditionally reconstructed, surgeons are increasingly pursuing pelvic ring reconstruction to theoretically improve stability, function, and early ambulation. This study aims to systematically compare complications and functional and oncologic outcomes of sacroiliac resection with and without reconstruction.MethodsPubMed and MEDLINE were queried for studies published between January 1990 and October 2020 pertaining to sacroiliac neoplasm resection with subsequent reconstruction. Patient demographics, histopathologic diagnoses, reconstruction techniques, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional scores, and oncologic outcomes were pooled.ResultsTwenty-three studies (201 patients) were included for analysis. Reconstruction was performed in 79.1% of patients, most commonly with nonvascularized autografts (45.8%). The overall complication rate was 54.8%; however, resection followed by reconstruction demonstrated significantly higher complication (62.3% versus 25.7%, p < 0.001) and infection rates (13.7% versus 0%, p = 0.020). Mean MSTS functional score trended higher in nonreconstructed patients (82% versus 71.6%).ConclusionsReconstruction after sacroiliac resection produced higher complication rates and poorer physical recovery when compared with nonreconstructed resection. This systematic review suggests that patients without spinopelvic junction instability may experience superior outcomes without reconstruction. Ultimately, the need to reconstruct the pelvic girdle depends on tumor size, prognosis, and functional goals.

Preoperative biopsy of chondroid lesions has demonstrated discordance between biopsy grade and surgical resection grade. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest risk of tumor contamination during biopsy. We evaluated our large chondrosarcoma institutional cohort to compare the rates of local recurrence based on pre-surgical biopsy, as well as other tumor characteristics and disease-related outcomes. This was a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgical resection for chondrosarcoma at our Institution between 2005 and 2020. Outcomes included rates of local recurrence, metastasis, and overall survival. No significant differences were found in local recurrence and recurrence-free survival in cases of pre-operative biopsy. Thirteen (28.2%) patients had discordance between histological grade on biopsy and resection. Seven (63.6%) patients with dedifferentiation present on final resection were not identified on biopsy. The only independent predictor of recurrence-free survival and metastasis-free survival was the presence of dedifferentiation on resection. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating risk of local recurrence in the setting of pre-surgical biopsy in chondrosarcoma patients. Although pre-operative biopsy may contaminate biopsy tracts, appropriate surgical planning and final resection results in no difference in local recurrence rates in this cohort. However, discordance rates between preoperative biopsy and resected specimen must be considered while determining clinical treatment.

The use of 3-dimensional (3D)-printed cutting guides for resection of long bone sarcoma is a novel technique. These 3D-printed guides provide a potential benefit over navigational or freehand osteotomy. We evaluated whether the use of 3D-printed cutting guides in the resection of long bone sarcoma affects margin status and rates of union compared with historical controls. In this study, we performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained surgical database and reviewed 6 patients who underwent limb salvage for long bone sarcoma. We collected and analyzed clinicopathologic and surgical data. Six (100%) cases recorded negative margins, with mean postoperative follow-up of 108 weeks (range, 8–211 weeks). Time (mean±SD) to bony union was 20.5±10.5 weeks. Nine of 12 (75%) cumulative (proximal and distal) osteotomy sites went on to achieve union, with a nonunion rate of 25% per osteotomy. One (33%) nonunion occurred after adjuvant radiation therapy. Long-term complications were limited to 2 (33.3%) patients overall who had implant failure according to the Henderson classification system, and there were zero local recurrences at the conclusion of the study. Our institution has successfully performed limb salvage surgery with patient-specific 3D-printed technology. We show high rates of negative margin resection and junctional union that align with and improve on earlier findings. [Orthopedics. 2022;45(1):e35–e41.]

We present 2 cases of infected total femur prosthetic devices treated with a single-stage revision with extensive irrigation and debridement, followed by reimplantation with a prosthesis coated in antibiotic-impregnated cement. Single-stage total femoral replacement with antibiotic-eluting cement around the device was used for 2 cases of limb salvage arthroplasty to reduce complications, maintain patient function, and minimize hospital-associated cost. [Orthopedics. 2022;45(5):e280–e283.]

Study Design Retrospective cohort Objective Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) may be complicated by subsidence, which can lead to significant morbidity including pain, disc space collapse, neural compression, segmental kyphosis, instability, and vertebral body fracture. This study sought to identify patient and procedural risk factors for subsidence in patients undergoing ALIF. Methods This study analyzed consecutive patients who underwent ALIF at a single institution with a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Patients were grouped as either Non-Subsidence (NS-ALIF) or Cage Subsidence (CS-ALIF) based on the final postoperative radiograph. Demographic variables, operative characteristics, and radiographic outcomes were evaluated to identify significant predictors on univariate and multivariate statistics. Results 144 patients (170 levels) were included with an average follow-up of 50.70 ± 28.44 months (4.23 years). The incidence of subsidence was 22.94% (39/170 levels). On univariate statistics, the CS-ALIF group was significantly older (P = .020), had higher BMI (P = .048), worse ASA (P = .001), higher prevalence of comorbid osteoporosis (P < .001), and a more anteriorly placed interbody device (P = .005). On multivariate analysis, anterior cage placement remained the only significant predictor (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.14; P = .003). There was a significantly higher rate of subsequent adjacent segment surgery among the CS-ALIF group (P = .035). Conclusion Factors contributing to subsidence in ALIF included older age, higher BMI, severe ASA, and osteoporosis, while anterior cage placement remained the only independent predictor on multivariate analysis. Subsidence was associated with a higher rate of subsequent adjacent segment surgery. Surgical technique should optimize placement of the interbody cage and avoid overstuffing the disc space.