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The purpose of this study is to examine whether genetic variation in CYP1A2 (-163A>C, rs762551) influences the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on neuromuscular function of the lower body at rest and in response to a fatiguing work bout. Forty-two young, healthy males completed the entire study protocol and were genotyped for CYP1A2 enzyme. Subjects were then classified as AA (FAST: n = 26) or AC/CC (SLOW; n =16). This study consisted of 3 separate visits to the laboratory, a familiarization session and 2 experimental sessions: caffeine (CAF; 6 mg/kg/bw) or placebo (PLA). During each session, neuromuscular function, including motor unit behavior, muscle activation, spinal and supraspinal excitability, and muscle contractile properties were assessed. Additionally, each experimental visit ended with repeated, intermittent submaximal contractions at 50% of the subject’s maximum effort to fatigue. The main findings from this investigation were the overall lack of ergogenic effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function of the lower body musculature. Specifically, no significant alterations in motor unit behavior, muscle activation, or spinal or supraspinal excitability were found from pre- to post-testing in either condition. However, the present data suggest that caffeine may augment the decline seen in muscle contractile properties in the placebo condition. The present data also suggests a limited role, if any, for the CYP1A2 genotype in mediating the effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function.

Daily undulating periodization is a growing trend in the exercise science literature. Flexible daily undulating periodization allows for athletes to have some autonomy within a periodized training cycle and is a relatively new and unstudied concept. The comparison of a flexible and traditional daily undulating periodization program using trained males has not been examined in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Flexible and Traditional Daily Undulating Periodization models on powerlifting performance in trained males. 25 resistance-trained males (23±6 years; 79±22 kg) completed a 9-week resistance-training program and were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Flexible Daily Undulating Periodization (FDUP; N=14) or Daily Undulating Periodization (DUP; N=11). All subjects possessed a minimum of 6 months of resistance training experience & were required to squat 125% their bodyweight, bench press their bodyweight, and deadlift 150% their bodyweight. Dependent variables (DV) included bench press 1RM, squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, Powerlifting total, and Wilk's Coefficient. Each DV was assessed at baseline and after the 9-week training program. The DUP group performed a hypertrophy workout on Monday, a power workout on Wednesday, and a strength workout on Friday. The FDUP group completed the exact same workouts in a given week, but were allowed to choose the order of the workouts. Data for each DV were analyzed via a 2x2 between-within factorial repeated measures ANOVA. The alpha criterion for significance was set at 0.05. There were no significant differences in total volume or intensity between groups. There was a main effect for time (p < 0.001) for 1RM Squat (FDUP pre = 132 ± 34 kg, FDUP Post = 148 ± 33 kg; DUP pre = 147 ± 31 kg, DUP post = 165 ± 25 kg), 1RM Bench Press (FDUP pre = 96 ± 20 kg, FDUP post = 102 ± 19 kg; DUP pre = 147 ± 31 kg, DUP post = 165 ± 25 kg), 1RM Deadlift (FDUP pre = 166 ± 41 kg, FDUP post: 181 ± 37 kg; DUP pre = 174 ± 25 kg, DUP post = 188 ± 29 kg), Powerlifting Total (FDUP pre = 394 ± 90 kg, FDUP post = 431 ± 84; DUP pre = 439 ± 71 kg, DUP post = 480 ± 69 kg), and Wilk's Coefficient (FDUP pre = 147 ± 25 kg, FDUP post = 304 ± 51; DUP pre = 299 ± 41, DUP post = 325 ± 38). There were no interaction effects between the FDUP and DUP for any of the variables assessed. 9 weeks of Flexible DUP leads to comparable gains in powerlifting performance when compared to a Traditional DUP program in trained males. This may be attributed to the fact that both groups performed similar volumes of work throughout the study. Specifically, FDUP improved squat 1RM by 12%, bench press 1RM by 7%, deadlift 1RM by 9%, powerlifting total by 9%, & Wilk's coefficient by 9%. Similarly, DUP improved squat 1RM by 12%, bench press 1RM by 8%, deadlift 1RM by 8%, powerlifting total by 9%, & Wilk's coefficient by 9%.

How much more arrogant can Gordon Campbell get?

The headteacher at All Saints College, JAMES COLQUHOUN, talks about why he is quitting his controversial post just one year after the school opened This school is already much bigger than James Colquhoun, it now has to find its own way rather than relying on its founder head. One reason why I decided to leave All Saints is because an interesting job has come up in a part of the world I know well. Our GCSE pass rate of 12 per cent was disappointing, but it is an improvement on the grades the other schools, before All Saints College, were getting.

The role of headteacher at All Saints College in West Denton Way, Newcastle was described in a job advert as the most challenging in Britain. The college, run in a partnership the city council, Newcastle University and the Church of England, was set up to replace four failing schools: Firfield College in Blakelaw, West Denton High and Denton Park and Chevyside Middle schools in West Denton. Brian Oglethorpe, acting chairman of governors, said: \"Mr [James Colquhoun] has laid down very firm foundations and high standards at All Saints College and the number of pupils attending the school is already increasing.