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Intro -- POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF AFRICA. VOLUME 9 -- POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF AFRICA. VOLUME 9 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Uganda: Current Conditions and the Crisis in North Uganda* -- Summary -- Recent Developments -- Uganda: Background and Political Developments -- The 2001 Presidential Elections -- The Third-Term Debate and Adoption of a Multi-Party System -- The 2006 Multi-Party Elections -- The Situation in Northern Uganda -- The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) -- Regional Implications and the LRA -- Attempts to End the Conflict: Background -- Peace Initiative -- Operation Lightning Thunder -- Humanitarian Conditions -- Social and Economic Profile -- Economic Conditions -- HIV/AIDS -- Anti-Homosexual Resolution -- Regional Relations -- Ugandan Troops in Somalia -- U.S.-Uganda Relations -- U.S. Assistance -- Legislation -- Appendix. Ceasefire Agreement -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues* -- Summary -- U.S. Aid to Africa: An Overview -- Background -- U.S. Assistance Programs -- DFA and Child Survival assistance -- Humanitarian Aid -- Peace Corps -- Security Assistance and Economic Support Funds -- Regional Programs -- African Development Foundation -- Millennium Challenge Account7 -- The African Development Fund -- Refugee and Disaster Assistance -- Multilateral Assistance -- Security Assistance Program: Section 1206 -- Sudan: U.S. Humanitarian Funding -- Appendix. Selected Africa Assistance Acronyms -- End Notes -- Chapter 3: Kenya: Current Conditions and the Challenges Ahead* -- Summary -- Most Recent Developments -- The New Constitution -- U.S.-Kenya Relations: Issues -- U.S. Assistance -- Post-Elections Developments -- The December 2007 Elections -- Post-Election Violence -- Mediation Efforts -- Background -- The Challenges Ahead -- End Notes.

Intro -- ASIAN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES, VOLUME 13 -- ASIAN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES, VOLUME 13 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 U.S.-VIETNAM RELATIONS IN 2009: CURRENT ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY -- SUMMARY -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS1 -- INTRODUCTION -- U.S. Interests and Goals in the Bilateral Relationship -- Vietnam's Interests and Goals in the Bilateral Relationship -- A Ceiling on the Relationship? -- Key Issues and Decisions -- BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NORMALIZATION OF U.S.-VIETNAM RELATIONS -- MAJOR ISSUES IN U.S.-VIETNAM RELATIONS -- Diplomatic Ties -- June 2005 Summit -- June 2008 Summit -- Economic Ties -- Trade Initiatives: GSP, TIFA, BIT, and TPP -- Trade Friction -- Imports of Vietnamese Clothing and the U.S. Import Monitoring Program9 -- Catfish -- Vietnam's \"Non-Market Economy\" Status -- Intellectual Property Rights -- Currency Concerns -- U.S. Foreign Assistance to Vietnam -- Education Exchanges -- Human Rights Issues -- Overview -- Religious Freedom -- The Vietnam Human Rights Act -- Refugees in Cambodia -- Human Trafficking -- Security Issues -- Vietnam War \"Legacy\" Issues -- Agent Orange23 -- Vietnam War Resettlement Programs -- POW/MIA Issues26 -- CONDITIONS IN VIETNAM -- Economic Developments -- Vietnam's Economic Troubles of 2007-2009 -- Background -- Political Trends -- 2008-09: Shifting Political Winds in Hanoi? -- Background -- The Tenth Party Congress -- The National Assembly -- Sino-Vietnam Relations -- SELECTED LEGISLATION IN THE 111TH CONGRESS -- APPENDIX A. VERSIONS OF THE VIETNAM HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 110TH CONGRESS -- H.R. 3096 -- S. 3678 -- APPENDIX A. SELECTED LEGISLATION IN THE 110TH CONGRESS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 JAPAN'S NUCLEAR FUTURE: POLICY DEBATE, PROSPECTS, AND U.S. INTERESTS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- AN EVOLVING SECURITY ENVIRONMENT IN ASIA -- JAPAN'S NUCLEAR CAPACITY.

DNA damage and cytoplasmic DNA induce type-1 interferon (IFN-1) and potentiate responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our prior work found that inhibitors of the DNA damage response kinase ATR (ATRi) induce IFN-1 and deoxyuridine (dU) incorporation by DNA polymerases, akin to antimetabolites. Whether and how dU incorporation is required for ATRi-induced IFN-1 signaling is not known. Here, we show that ATRi-dependent IFN-1 responses require uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG)-initiated base excision repair and STING. Quantitative analyses of nine distinct nucleosides reveals that ATRi induce dU incorporation more rapidly in UNG wild-type than knockout cells, and that induction of IFN-1 is associated with futile cycles of repair. While ATRi induce similar numbers of micronuclei in UNG wild-type and knockout cells, dU containing micronuclei and cytoplasmic DNA are increased in knockout cells. Surprisingly, DNA fragments containing dU block STING-dependent induction of IFN-1, MHC-1, and PD-L1. Furthermore, UNG knockout sensitizes cells to IFN-γ , and potentiates responses to anti-PD-L1 in resistant tumors . These data demonstrate an unexpected and specific role for dU-rich DNA in suppressing STING-dependent IFN-1 responses, and show that UNG-deficient tumors have a heightened response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Antimetabolites disrupt nucleotide pools and increase dU incorporation by DNA polymerases. We show that unrepaired dU potentiates responses to checkpoint inhibitors in mouse models of cancer. Patients with low tumor UNG may respond to antimetabolites combined with checkpoint inhibitors, and patients with high tumor UNG may respond to UNG inhibitors combined with checkpoint inhibitors.