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This article asks how life narratives told by marginalized people get heard (or not), with reference to prison writing from East Germany and the Federal Republic. Without claiming that captivity is the same in all places, times, and political situtations, I borrow Primo Levi's articulation of a narrative problem—the ‘unlistened-to story’—to explore what makes a story worth listening to, and why some stories get heard whereas others are inaudible. Because stories of literary picaros overlap in content and structure with prisoner life stories, I reflect on what the picaresque might tell us about the cultural conditions of audibility.

Ayim is seldom read for her gift for making people laugh. Here, I assess the use of humor and irony in her poetry and performances. Following Audre Lorde's reasoning that poetry is not a luxury, I suggest that Ayim's aesthetics make racism visible and lay the foundations for epistemic change. In performing poetry that she deliberately made accessible, not least through humor, Ayim occupied discursive space, offering audiences and readers comic pleasure at the price of acknowledging the alternative knowledge her poetry produced. I therefore read her poetic humor as an act of aesthetic insurrection that both produces new knowledge and invites epistemic change.

In 1970 Ulrike Meinhof abandoned a career as a political journalist to join the Red Army Faction; captured as a terrorist along with other members of the group in 1972, she died an unexplained death in a high-security prison in 1976. A charismatic spokesperson for the RAF, she has often come near to being idealized as a freedom fighter, despite her use of extreme violence. In an effort to understand how terrorism takes root, Sarah Colvin seeks a dispassionate view of Meinhof and a period when West Germany was declaring its own \"war on terror.\" Ulrike Meinhof always remained a writer, and this book focuses on the role of language in her development and that of the RAF: how Meinhof came to justify violence to the point of murder, creating an identity for the RAF as resistance fighters in an imagined state of war that was reinforced by the state's adoption of what Andreas Musolff has called 'war terminology.' But its all-powerful identity as a fighting group eroded the RAF's empathy with other human beings - even those it once claimed to be 'fighting for.' It became a closed unit, self-justifying and immobilized by its own conviction that everything it did must be right. This is the first specialized study of Meinhof and the RAF in English - which is remarkable given the current interest in the topic in both Europe and the U.S. Sarah Colvin is Professor and Eudo C. Mason Chair of the German Department at the University of Edinburgh, UK.

For women, according to the contemporary Austrian dramatist Elfriede Jelinek, writing for the theater is an act of transgression. The idea that drama as a grand public genre resists women writers has become established in recent scholarship. But Jelinek herself has won the Büchner Prize, the most prestigious award in German letters, and there is a wealth of dramatic work by women from the 20th century and before: both facts seem to contradict the notion of women's exclusion from drama. So why has drama by women appear to have been written against the odds, and why has it, until very recently, been missing from literary histories? This book looks in detail at women's playwriting in German between 1860 and 1945, and at its reception by critics. Many of the works considered have never before been analyzed by modern scholarship; others, notably the plays of Marieluise Fleisser and Else Lasker-Schüler, are well known, but are read here for the first time in the context of earlier dramatic work by women. Sarah Colvin seeks modes of reading that do justice both to the dramatic texts as 'performance' texts, and to the sense of \"otherness\" experienced by the woman writer in a male-dominated literary and theatrical environment. She concludes that an understanding of the techniques developed by women playwrights of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries can enrich our reading not only of Fleisser and Lasker, but of contemporary dramatists such as Jelinek. If all the world's a stage, playwrights can theoretically be seen as in control of the world they create; this book asks to what extent women dramatists manage to use the space of the drama to reflect the world that 'they' experience. Sarah Colvin is Reader in German at the University of Edinburgh.

The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, feeds on members of the Apocynaceae family, including several Asclepias species and Cynanchum laeve. Milkweeds alongside and within agricultural crops provide opportunities for natural enemies to encounter and feed upon A. nerii. The predator fauna associated with natural populations of A. nerii on four milkweed species was determined. The development and fecundity of two Coccinellidae species, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Cycloneda munda (Say), were investigated in a laboratory. The development of fourth instar Coccinellidae when fed diets containing A. nerii from host plants having a low or high concentration of cardenolides was investigated. Immature beetle survival was generally poor and longevity was not significantly different when fed A. nerii from different host plant species, with similar survival patterns observed for first and fourth instar Coccinellidae larvae. Both H. axyridis and C. munda exhibited a reduced fecundity when fed A. nerii regardless of milkweed host species compared to beetle fecundity when fed a diet of Acyrthosiphon pisum. When provided with mixed diets, larvae consumed significantly more A. pisum than A. nerii. Larvae continued to accept A. nerii even after feeding on the aphid provoked emesis. Observations revealed that a fluid leaked from within wounded aphids temporarily or permanently immobilized lady beetle larvae. The unsuitability of A. nerii for lady beetles and the common association of milkweeds with agroecosystems raises concerns about the possible effects of feeding on this aphid by biological control agents.

The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, feeds on members of the Apocynaceae family. In Kentucky, A. nerii colonizes several Asclepias species and Cynanchum laeve. The prevalence of milkweeds and A. nerii in Kentucky ecosystems allow natural enemies, including the primary parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes, to utilize this aphid as a resource. The efficacy of L. testaceipes when utilizing A. nerii reared on different host plant species was studied in the field and in the laboratory. In the laboratory, the time until first host contact and the number of ovipositional attempts by L. testaceipes did not vary among aphids from different host plant species. However significantly more aphids were mummified and more parasitoids successfully emerged from aphids on C. laeve than from aphids on tested Asclepias species. The successful emergence rates of L. testaceipes from A. nerii colonizing four species of milkweed were also determined in a naturally infested field plot. While no significant differences were detected in 2009, significantly more L. testaceipes emerged in 2010 from A. nerii mummies collected from C. laeve than from mummies on A. syriaca and A. incarnata with numbers emerging from mummies on A. tuberosa being indistinguishable from those on C. laeve or A. syriaca. Five hyperparasitoid species were also recovered from A. nerii mummies over a two year period. A comparison of hyperparasitoid emergence among A. nerii mummies collected from four species of milkweed found that with the exception of one species during 2009, emergence rates did not differ significantly among aphid host plants. Our results suggest that parasitoid development may be affected by aphid host plant and that adverse effects of A. nerii on L. testaceipes are less severe when aphids develop on C. laeve compared to tested Asclepias species.

This article asks how life narratives told by marginalized people get heard (or not), with reference to prison writing from East Germany and the Federal Republic. Without claiming that captivity is the same in all places, times, and political situtations, I borrow Primo Levi's articulation of a narrative problem--the 'unlistened-to story'--to explore what makes a story worth listening to, and why some stories get heard whereas others are inaudible. Because stories of literary picaros overlap in content and structure with prisoner life stories, I reflect on what the picaresque might tell us about the cultural conditions of audibility.

There is decreased activity of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia. GCP II hydrolzses N -acetyl- α L -aspartyl- L -glutamate (NAAG), a peptide in the mammalian brain that binds to the N -methyl D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor and a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor, both of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We examined the expression of GCP II mRNA in the DLPFC, entorhinal cortex (ERC), and hippocampus in postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia and normal controls using in situ hybridization followed by silver grain detection. GCP II mRNA was detected in glial cells. Glial-rich regions, specifically the DLPFC and ERC white matter and the molecular and polymorphic layers in the hippocampus, express high levels of GCP II mRNA. Given the earlier finding of decreased GCP II activity in brains of subjects with schizophrenia, we expected to find lower GCP II mRNA levels in schizophrenia. Contrary to this expectation, we found a significantly higher expression of GCP II mRNA in one of the brain areas examined, the hippocampal CA3 polymorphic region. This may reflect a compensatory increase to correct for the decreased activity of GCP II activity. Our findings support the notion that the hydrolysis of NAAG is disrupted in schizophrenia and that specific anatomical regions may show discrete abnormalities in GCP II synthesis.

Intended to encourage and disseminate lively and open discussion of themes pertinent to German Studies, viewed from all angles -- literary, artistic, musical, theoretical -- Edinburgh German Yearbook takes particular interest in cultural problems and issues arising out of politics and history. Each year, EGYB invites scholarly contributions on a topic of current challenge to German Studies. No other yearbook covers the entire field of German Studies while addressing a focused theme in each issue; by doing so, EGYB aims to encourage real debate around the issues at hand. Volume 2 examines the meanings and significance of \"masculinity\" in German culture, from medieval mystics to the cultural impact of young male immigrants living in Germany today. Other topics include medieval masculinity, the heroic Germanic ideal in the 16th and 17th centuries, masculinity in fairy tales, Jewishness and the masculine, toys for boys in Wilhelmine Germany, the science of sexology, and the masculine as it appears in photography, fashion, army magazines, terrorism, and prison culture. Contributors: Peter Davies, Cordula Politis, Theresia Heimerl, Franziska Ziep, Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly, Hanne Boenisch, Antje Roeben, Laura Martin, Kristiane Gerhardt, Michael Gratzke, Martin Lücke, Stephanie Catani, Bryan Ganaway, Jason Lieblang, David James Prickett, Katie Sutton, Elisabeth Krimmer, Franz Bokel, Andrew Bickford, Ingrid Sharp, Clare Bielby, Sarah Colvin, Elke Gilson, Frauke Matthes. Sarah Colvin is Professor and Eudo C. Mason Chair of German, and Peter Davies is Senior Lecturer in German, both at the University of Edinburgh.