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"Conan, Anne"
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Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review
Background
Poultry represents an important sector in animal production, with backyard flocks representing a huge majority, especially in the developing countries. In these countries, villagers raise poultry to meet household food demands and as additional sources of incomes. Backyard production methods imply low biosecurity measures and high risk of infectious diseases, such as Newcastle disease or zoonosis such as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI).
We reviewed literature on biosecurity practices for prevention of infectious diseases, and published recommendations for backyard poultry and assessed evidence of their impact and feasibility, particularly in developing countries. Documents were sourced from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website, and from Pubmed and Google databases.
Results
A total of 62 peer-reviewed and non-referred documents were found, most of which were published recently (after 2004) and focused on HPAI/H5N1-related biosecurity measures (64%). Recommendations addressed measures for flock management, feed and water management, poultry trade and stock change, poultry health management and the risk to humans. Only one general guideline was found for backyard poultry-related biosecurity; the other documents were drawn up for specific developing settings and only engaged their authors (e.g. consultants). These national guidelines written by consultants generated recommendations regarding measures derived from the highest standards of commercial poultry production. Although biosecurity principles of isolation and containment are described in most documents, only a few documents were found on the impact of measures in family poultry settings and none gave any evidence of their feasibility and effectiveness for backyard poultry.
Conclusions
Given the persistent threat posed by HPAI/H5N1 to humans in developing countries, our findings highlight the importance of encouraging applied research toward identifying sustained and adapted biosecurity measures for smallholder poultry flocks in low-income countries.
Journal Article
Population dynamics of owned, free-roaming dogs : implications for rabies control
BACKGROUND : Rabies is a serious yet neglected public health threat in resource-limited communities in Africa, where the virus is maintained in populations of owned, free-roaming domestic dogs. Rabies elimination can be achieved through the mass vaccination of dogs, but maintaining the critical threshold of vaccination coverage for herd immunity in these populations is hampered by their rapid turnover. Knowledge of the population dynamics of free-roaming dog populations can inform effective planning and implementation of mass dog vaccination campaigns to control rabies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : We implemented a health and demographic surveillance system in dogs that monitored the entire owned dog population within a defined geographic area in a community in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. We quantified demographic rates over a 24-month period, from 1st January 2012 through 1st January 2014, and assessed their implications for rabies control by simulating the decline in vaccination coverage over time. During this period, the population declined by 10%. Annual population growth rates were +18.6% in 2012 and -24.5% in 2013. Crude annual birth rates (per 1,000 dog-years of observation) were 451 in 2012 and 313 in 2013. Crude annual death rates were 406 in 2012 and 568 in 2013. Females suffered a significantly higher mortality rate in 2013 than males (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.28–1.85). In the age class 0–3 months, the mortality rate of dogs vaccinated against rabies was significantly lower than that of unvaccinated dogs (2012: MRR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.05–0.21; 2013: MRR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11–0.69). The results of the simulation showed that achieving a 70% vaccination coverage during annual campaigns would maintain coverage above the critical threshold for at least 12 months. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE : Our findings provide an evidence base for the World Health Organization’s empirically-derived target of 70% vaccination coverage during annual campaigns. Achieving this will be effective even in highly dynamic populations with extremely high growth rates and rapid turnover. This increases confidence in the feasibility of dog rabies elimination in Africa through mass vaccination.
Journal Article
الوهج الفضي وحكايات أخرى
يتناول الكتاب \"الوهج الفضي وحكايات أخرى\"حيث انها قصة واحدة من سلسلة من روائع الأدب العالمي وذلك باللغتين العربية والانكليزية ...يحقق القارئ الكريم من خلال قراءة هذه الروايات غايتين :الأولى تعليمية تتمثل في تطوير قدراته على التعامل باللغة الإنكليزية والغاية الثانية والتي لا تقل أهمية ألا وهي إطلاعه على روايات شكلت كلاسيكيات الأدب العالمي .وهذه السلسلة بين المتعة والفائدة وتتدرج في مستويات عديدة تتناسب مع جميع فئات القراءوالدارسين للغة الإنكليزية.
Book
Sequence typing of Bartonella henselae in small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata)
This study aimed to determine the sequence type (ST) of
Bartonella henselae
infecting small Indian mongooses from Saint Kitts via multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). This investigation used stored EDTA blood (n = 22) samples from mongooses previously identified as positive for
B. henselae
. Chocolate agar plates were enriched with
Bartonella
alpha-Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) to culture and isolate
Bartonella
from the blood samples. To perform MLST, DNA was extracted and purified from isolates followed by amplification by conventional PCR (300–500 bp) for eight genes (16S rDNA,
batR, gltA, groEL, ftsZ, nlpD, ribC
, and
rpoB
).
Bartonella henselae
STs were deposited in the PubMLST repository. Out of 22
B. henselae
-positive blood samples, isolates were obtained from 12 mongooses (54.5%; 12/22). Each mongoose was infected with one ST. The studied mongoose population was infected with sequence types ST2, ST3, ST8, and a novel ST represented by ST38.
Bartonella henselae
ST2, ST3 and ST8 infecting mongooses are known to circulate in humans and cats, with ST2 and ST8 associated with Cat Scratch Disease (bartonellosis) in humans. The results presented herein denote the circulation of
B. henselae
STs with zoonotic potential in mongooses with risk of
B. henselae
transmission to humans.
Journal Article
Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Transmission across Chicken Production and Distribution Networks, Vietnam
In northern Vietnam, during March 2021-March 2022, prevalence of influenza A(H9N2) in chickens was higher in distribution facilities than on farms and varied between facility types. Phylogenetic analysis indicated extensive viral mixing along networks of chicken production and distribution, highlighting a need for risk mitigation across the entire network.
Journal Article
Importation of cats and risk of parasite spread: a Caribbean perspective and case study from St Kitts
Background
In more recent years, international travel with cats has increased. The distribution of cat parasites can change with this movement. Already, subtropical and tropical parasites have been reported by veterinarians in areas where they are not naturally present. Understanding the prevalence of tropical and subtropical parasites in Caribbean islands and the risk of importation to temperate areas could enable improved prevention recommendations and border control import requirements.
Methods
We present a study focused on cat owning students enrolled in a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) programme on St Kitts. Owners were interviewed about their cats and their use of parasiticides. Cats were examined for
Trichuris felis
and
Platynosomum fastosum
using sugar flotation,
Lynxacarus radovskyi
using an adhesive tape test, and
Dirofilaria immitis
using commercial antigen and antibody tests.
Results
Data on 115 cats owned by 87 DVM students were collected and 90 cats, all expected to travel to the USA, were examined. Most of the cats were adults and born in St Kitts. Prevalence was reported as 6.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–15.1%) for
T. felis
, 16.2% (95% CI: 8.7–26.6%) for
P. fastosum
and 6.8% (95% CI: 2.5–14.3%) for
L. radovskyi
. All
D. immitis
tests were negative. DVM students reported a high level of deworming (83.3% of the cats), but the number of cats treated per recommendations were low (56.1% for endoparasites and 70.8% for ectoparasites). Also, there was a lack of clarity regarding the purpose of the treatments used and treatments did not appear to be targeted for the parasites present.
Conclusion
Our results indicate a low prevalence of the parasites of interest in the DVM student cat population compared to other prevalence studies from the Caribbean. However, a degree of non-compliance with parasiticide uses and the high number of cats traveling to the USA indicate a medium risk of importation of tropical and subtropical cat parasites to temperate areas. We recommend stronger health inspections and health screening requirements at the borders including the development of specific parasiticide protocols for cat importation.
Journal Article
Leptospira Seroprevalence in Domestic Dogs and Cats on the Caribbean Island of Saint Kitts
Leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonotic disease that affects humans and many animal species. Knowledge of prevalence of Leptospira in a given geographic region supports the implementation of effective control/prevention programmes and thus reduces the transmission risks. This study provides Leptospira seroprevalence and serovar distribution in dogs and cats on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts. Convenient serum samples from domestic dogs (n=101) and cats (n=50) were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 21 Leptospira serovars belonging to 17 serogroups. Seroprevalence was recorded at 73.2% in dogs (95% confidence interval CI: 62.5–80.1%). Agglutinating antibodies to Leptospira were present against 13 of the 21 serovars tested by MAT. The highest seroprevalence was observed for serovar Autumnalis (56.4%) followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (27.7%), Canicola (17.8%), Djasiman (14.9%), Bratislava (11.9%), Pyrogenes (11.9%), and Pomona (7.9%). A very low seroprevalence (4%, 95% CI: 0.5–14%) was observed in cats. This data confirms that dogs in Saint Kitts have a high-level exposure to a diverse set of Leptospira serovars.
Journal Article
Prevalence of Campylobacter and non-typhoidal Salmonella along broiler chicken production and distribution networks, Northern Vietnam
Campylobacter and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are among the most common foodborne pathogens found in chickens at any production stage and cause gastroenteritis in humans. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. ( C. coli and C. jejuni ) and NTS in broiler production and distribution networks (PDNs) using a Bayesian approach. It also investigated the NTS serotypes circulating in these PDNs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four provinces in northern Vietnam between March 2021 and March 2022. A total of 102 sites, including live bird markets, slaughter facilities (slaughterhouses and slaughter points), and their supplying farms, were randomly selected for sampling. Cecal and environmental samples were cultured for isolation of Campylobacter and NTS, with serotypes of NTS determined by targeted analysis of whole genome sequences. Bayesian models were developed to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter at two levels (bird-level and site-level) and NTS at site-level. The selected best-fitted models indicated that C. jejuni prevalence was primarily influenced by site type, while C. coli was affected by both province and site types. For NTS, only site type was included. The highest overall prevalence of infected broilers was estimated on farms for C. coli (26.2% [95% High Density Interval (HDI): 19.0-36.0%]) and C. jejuni (19.9% [95%HDI 13.0-27.0%]). Slaughter points (97.6% [95%HDI 63.3-99.9%]) and wholesale markets (91.7% [95%HDI 28.2-99.9%]) had the highest probability of C. coli and C. jejuni contamination, respectively, but retail markets had the highest proportion of infected broilers at contaminated sites. NTS contamination was more frequent in markets and slaughter facilities (42.8% [95%HDI 30.8-57.1%]) than on farms (18.6% [95%HDI 9.5-30.1%]). Among 16 detected NTS serotypes, S . Infantis and S . Kentucky were the most common. These findings highlight the widespread contamination of broiler PDNs with Campylobacter and NTS in northern Vietnam, emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures in PDNs to mitigate the risk of foodborne transmission.
Journal Article