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The lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism typically requires the removal of electrons from the metal-oxygen band, which may cause structural instability due to a decrease in the metal-oxygen bond order. To address this challenge, we introduce low-valence, non-catalytically active Na to construct oxygen non-bonding bands on high-entropy hydroxides, allowing electrons to be removed from the oxygen non-bonding band rather than the metal-oxygen bonds, thereby improving the stability of the catalyst. Na doped high-entropy layered double hydroxide (Na-HE LDH) with a low overpotential of 176 mV@10 mA cm⁻² under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the Pt/C | |Na-HE LDH electrode pair operates continuously for 2000 h at ~500 mA cm⁻² in an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer (30 wt% KOH, 60 °C). In-situ spectroscopic and density functional theory calculations identify that the introduction of Na facilitates the formation of oxygen non-bonding band thereby mitigating structural instability. This study offers a strategy for designing efficient and stable lattice oxygen catalysts and provides valuable insights for developing catalysts capable of withstanding the rigorous demands of industrial hydrogen production environments. Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts is crucial for the oxygen evolution reaction. The authors introduce low-valence Na to construct oxygen non-bonding bands on high-entropy hydroxides, achieving 2000 hours of stability at 500 mA cm⁻² in an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer.

Nanoparticles have been developed for tumor treatment due to the enhanced permeability and retention effects. However, lack of specific cancer cells selectivity results in low delivery efficiency and undesired side effects. In that case, the stimuli-responsive nanoparticles system designed for the specific structure and physicochemical properties of tumors have attracted more and more attention of researchers. Esterase-responsive nanoparticle system is widely used due to the overexpressed esterase in tumor cells. For a rational designed esterase-responsive nanoparticle, ester bonds and nanoparticle structures are the key characters. In this review, we overviewed the design of esterase-responsive nanoparticles, including ester bonds design and nano-structure design, and analyzed the fitness of each design for different application. In the end, the outlook of esterase-responsive nanoparticle is looking forward.

The emergence of nanomaterials for drug delivery provides the opportunity to avoid the side effects of systemic drug administration and injury caused by the removal of tumors, delivering great promise for future cancer treatments. However, the efficacy of current nano drugs is not significantly better than that of the original drug treatments. The important reason is that nano drugs enter the tumor vasculature, remaining close to the blood vessels and unable to enter the tumor tissue or tumor cells to complete the drug delivery process. The low efficiency of drug penetration into tumors has become a bottleneck restricting the development of nano-drugs. Herein, we present a systematic overview of recent advances on the design of nano-drug carriers in drug delivery systems for enhancing drug penetration into tumors. The review is organized into four sections: The drug penetration process in tumor tissue includes paracellular and transcellular transport, which is summarized first. Strategies that promote tumor penetration are then introduced, including methods of remodeling the tumor microenvironment, charge inversion, dimensional change, and surface modification of ligands which promote tissue penetration. Conclusion and the prospects for the future development of drug penetration are finally briefly illustrated. The review is intended to provide thoughts for effective treatment of cancer by summarizing strategies for promoting the endocytosis of nano drugs into tumor cells.

Adsorption is a common method to treat organic dye pollution in industrial wastewater. Selective adsorption and reuse can greatly reduce the waste of adsorbents. Among the adsorbents of many different materials, the porous polymer microspheres as adsorbents have the characteristics of good adsorption effect, wide application range and large modification space, showing the unique advantages different from the traditional carbon materials. As a new kind of porous polymer material, polyionic liquid porous microspheres have great potential in the field of organic dye adsorption. In this paper, the selective adsorption of anionic organic dyes by a novel monodisperse pyridine polyionic liquid microsphere as an organic dye adsorbent was studied and the adsorption mechanism was studied.

Effective anticancer nanomedicines need to exhibit prolonged circulation in blood, to extravasate and accumulate in tumours, and to be taken up by tumour cells. These contrasting criteria for persistent circulation and cell-membrane affinity have often led to complex nanoparticle designs with hampered clinical translatability. Here, we show that conjugates of small-molecule anticancer drugs with the polyzwitterion poly(2-( N -oxide- N , N -diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) have long blood-circulation half-lives and bind reversibly to cell membranes, owing to the negligible interaction of the polyzwitterion with proteins and its weak interaction with phospholipids. Adsorption of the polyzwitterion–drug conjugates to tumour endothelial cells and then to cancer cells favoured their transcytosis-mediated extravasation into tumour interstitium and infiltration into tumours, and led to the eradication of large tumours and patient-derived tumour xenografts in mice. The simplicity and potency of the polyzwitterion–drug conjugates should facilitate the design of translational anticancer nanomedicines. Conjugates of small-molecule anticancer drugs with a polyzwitterion that has negligible interaction with proteins and a weak interaction with phospholipids eradicate large tumours and patient-derived tumour xenografts in mice.

Biofluorescence imaging enables real-time, visual detection of biomolecules, cells and tissues/organs on a three-dimensional scale. And it can track the various physiological processes of the organism and understand the relationship between biomolecules and their structure and function. Near-infrared imaging has a high temporal and spatial resolution, low damage to biological tissues and strong penetrating capability, good sensitivity and low background fluorescence interference, which are the advantages of imaging technology. However, at present, the deficiencies of fluorescent groups include relatively low fluorescence quantum yield and unfavorably short emission wavelength in the NIR region, especially in the second near-infrared window (1000–1700 nm, NIR-II). In the in vivo processes and applications of NIR fluorescence materials, biocompatibility, fluorescence quantum efficiency and adjustability of excitation and emission wavelengths in the NIR region should be considered. Therefore, organic polymeric materials are ideal for the construction of the NIR fluorescence probe. In this review, the synthesis and applications of NIR fluorescence polymers were summarized and the future trend has prospected as well.

In this paper, we reported a pH responsive nano drug delivery system (NDDS) based on ZnO quantum dots (QDs) for controlled release of drugs. Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA) and poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) were introduced to modify ZnO QDs, which can help enhance water stability, increase blood circulation time, and promote endocytosis. After tuning of PCBMA/PDMAEMA ratios, the ZnO@P(CBMA-co-DMAEMA) nanoplatform shows a sensitive switch from strong protein adsorption resistance (with negatively charged surface) at physiological pH to strong adhesion to tumor cell membranes (with positively charged surface) at the slightly acidic extracellular pH of tumors. Anti-cancer drug, Doxorubicin (DOX), molecules were demonstrated to be successfully loaded to ZnO@P(CBMA-co-DMAEMA) with a relatively large drug loading content (24.6%). In addition, ZnO@P(CBMA-co-DMAEMA) loaded with DOX can achieve lysosomal acid degradation and release of DOX after endocytosis by tumor cells, resulting in synergistic treatment of cancer, which is attributed to a combination of the anticancer effect of Zn2+ and DOX.

Nanomedicine delivery technology plays an important role in modern medicine and has shown good therapeutic effects in scientific research. Polysaccharides have the characteristics of wide sources, excellent biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. In addition, there are multifunctional groups on the main chain of polysaccharides, which can be surface-modified or functionalized to have targeting ability through specific sugar parts. Amphiphilic polysaccharide micelles with good biocompatibility, degradability, high safety, easy structural modification, and special core-shell structure are regarded as ideal carriers for nanomedicines. Therefore, this review is focused on the hydrophobic modification designs of polysaccharides, the preparation methods and characteristics of micelles, and the applications of amphiphilic polysaccharide micelles in the field of biomedicine. It is expected to provide some ideas and inspiration for the design of polysaccharide drug carriers.

Three different kinds of liquid marbles were prepared using polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles (PTFE-NPs), polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles (PTFE-MPs), and polyvinylidene fluoride nanoparticles (PVDF-NPs) as the surface layers, respectively. The surface properties and stability of the different marbles were studied. The surface energy of PTFE-NPs, PTFE-MPs, and PVDF-NPs marbles are 0.061 N/m, 0.065 N/m, and 0.067 N/m respectively. It was revealed that the PTFE-NPs liquid marbles have the smallest surface energy and the highest stability. In addition, we prepared the phenolphthalein regent marbles with the PTFE-NPs, PTFE-MPs, PVDF-NPs. Among the same basicity gas, compared with the pure phenolphthalein liquid drop, the color of the phenolphthalein regent marbles changed more quickly.

Highlights Piezoresistive sensor in tandem with customizable cylindrical microstructure for ultra-sensitive, stable, and interference-free performance. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal shear-force-driven self-assembly mechanisms. Eco-friendly and robust sensing layer for scalable, sustainable fabrication. A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness. However, a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations, as well as mechanical motion artifacts. Herein, a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode, featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness, thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection. Notably, molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration, driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions, which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer. The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation (0–120°, ~ 2.8 × 10 –3 A) and sensing accuracy without crosstalk (humidity 50%–100% and temperature 30–80 °C). Besides, the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages (average prediction accuracy ~ 90%). It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.