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OBJECTIVE:--To explore the nature of functional impairment in older people with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--A population-based case-control study with detailed assessment of diabetes and functional status was undertaken. RESULTS:--Altogether, 403 case subjects and 403 matched control subjects were studied (median age 75 years, 51% female). Subjects with diabetes had more comorbidities than control subjects (mean 2.5 vs. 1.9, P < 0.0001) and were more likely to have severe functional impairment (4 vs. 1%, Barthel score <5, P < 0.001). Health status pertaining to physical function was reduced in case subjects (SF36 60 vs. 40, P < 0.0001). In a multivariate model controlling for age, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, osteoarthritis, and dementia, diabetes remained significantly associated with mobility limitation (odds ratio 2.1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:--Older people with diabetes have considerable functional impairment associated with reduced health status. This population may benefit from comprehensive geriatric assessment and tailored diabetes management.

Background Although outcome goals for acute healthcare among older people living with frailty often include Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and other patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), current quality metrics usually focus on waiting times and survival. Lay and patient review have identified the EuroQol EQ-5D as a candidate measure for this setting. This research appraised the EQ-5D for feasibility, psychometric performance, and respondents’ outcomes in the acute frailty setting. Methods People aged 65 + with Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) 5–8 were recruited from eight UK hospitals’ emergency care and acute admissions settings. They completed the five-level EQ-5D and the EQ-VAS. Feasibility was assessed with completion times and completeness. For reliability, response distributions and internal consistency were analysed. Finally, EQ-Index values were compared with demographic characteristics and service outcomes for construct validity. Results The 232 participants were aged 65–102. 38% responded in emergency departments and 62% in admissions wards. Median completion time was 12 (IQR, 11) minutes. 98% responses were complete. EQ-5D had acceptable response distribution (SD 1.1–1.3) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.69). EQ-VAS demonstrated a midpoint response pattern. Median EQ-Index was 0.574 (IQR, 0.410) and was related positively with increasing age ( p  = 0.010) and negatively with CFS ( p  < 0.001). Participants with higher CFS had more frequent problems with mobility, self-care, and usual activities. Conclusions Administration of the EQ-5D was feasible in these emergency and acute frailty care settings. EQ-5D had acceptable properties, while EQ-VAS appeared problematic. Participants with more severe frailty had also poorer HRQoL.

IntroductionUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are highly prevalent and pose a significant burden among older adults. Accurate diagnosis in this population is challenging due to the high prevalence of pre-existing lower urinary tract symptoms, inability to express symptoms and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Current diagnostic tests are unreliable, often resulting in over- and underdiagnosis. A previous pilot study proposed a higher cut-off for pyuria and identified five promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of UTIs in older adults. The UTI-GOLD study aims to validate these five new biomarkers and the higher leucocyte cut-off as a diagnostic tool for UTIs in older people in a real-world setting.Methods and analysisBetween August 2024 and December 2027, an observational multicentre diagnostic accuracy study is being conducted across primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities in the Netherlands and the UK. Adults ≥65 years with a suspected UTI will be considered eligible. Patients with pre-existing decision-making incapacity or an indwelling catheter will be excluded. UTI will be defined according to an international consensus-based reference standard. Biomarkers will be measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 and CXC motif chemokine ligand 9) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (interleukin 6 and azurocidin). Pyuria will be quantified by automated microscopy and/or flow cytometry. Diagnostic accuracy measures will be calculated using the receiver operating characteristic curves, and sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values will be reported for optimal cut-offs.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol was reviewed by the local Leiden University Medical Center research committee, who declared on 15 April 2024 that the medical research involving human subject act (Dutch abbreviation: WMO) does not apply to the current study (reference number nWMODIV2_2024025). The study also received approval from the NHS Research Ethics Committee in the UK (reference number 24/LO/0649).The study findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at academic congresses and shared with healthcare providers.Trial registration numberThe study was registered at clinicaltrial.gov on the 24 September 2024 with registration number: NCT06610721.

Background Current acute healthcare service metrics are not meaningful for older people living with frailty. Healthcare knowledge, situational security, and physical and psychosocial function are important outcomes typically not collected. The use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) could support these assessments. Existing instruments are not comprehensive as they typically consider function, while older people with frailty also value enablement (self-determination and security in health and healthcare). This study field-tested and validated a PROM for older people with frailty receiving acute care (PROM-OPAC) to measure enablement. Methods People aged 65+ with Clinical Frailty Scale 5–8 were recruited within seventy-two hours of an emergency attendance. Iterations of the novel instrument were administered over three stages: (1) preliminary field-testing for reliability (response distribution and internal consistency) and structure (exploratory factor analysis, EFA); (2) intermediate field-testing of an improved instrument for reliability and structure; (3) final draft validation assessing reliability, structure (confirmatory factor analysis, CFA), and construct validity based on a priori hypotheses. Feasibility was appraised throughout using data completeness and response rates and times. Results 241 people participated. Three items of a preliminary seven-item measure had poor response distribution or loading and were accordingly improved. The intermediate instrument had interpretability issues and three items required further improvement. The final eight-item draft had acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.71), structure (two factors for self-determination and security; RMSEA: 0.065; TLI: 0.917; CFI: 0.944), and construct validity (lower scores from respondents waiting longer and requiring admission). Feasibility was promising (response rate 39%; 98% responses complete; median completion time 11 (IQR: 12) minutes). Conclusions Administration of the PROM-OPAC appeared feasible and the instrument had acceptable psychometric properties. Further evaluation is required to assess generalisability.

Older people living with frailty emphasize autonomy and function as acute healthcare outcome goals. Existing Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) measure function but do not comprehensively address autonomy. This initial development of a novel autonomy outcome measure used co-creation and cognitive interviews, working toward a PROM for Older People living with frailty receiving Acute Care (“PROM-OPAC”). Novel item question stems and responses considering autonomy were devised with lay research partners. Items were examined for content by lay volunteers, and then selected based on relevance, completeness, and accessibility. Retained items were cognitively tested with patient participants. Item selection considered content validity and feasibility and was undertaken collaboratively with lay research partners. The study involved 3 lay research partners and 4 further lay collaborators throughout all stages, and 14 patient participants were recruited for the cognitive interviews. Twenty-two novel items were appraised. Seven were selected for retention. This preliminary PROM-OPAC comprised 7 items to measure autonomy and was intended for administration alongside a function measure to capture meaningful acute healthcare outcomes. Development will continue with quantitative testing and validation.

The absence of a consensus-based reference standard for urinary tract infection (UTI) research adversely affects the internal and external validity of diagnostic and therapeutic studies. This omission hinders the accumulation of evidence for a disease that imposes a substantial burden on patients and society, particularly in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. We did a three-round Delphi study involving an international, multidisciplinary panel of UTI experts (n=46) and achieved a high degree of consensus (94%) on the final reference standard. New-onset dysuria, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency were considered major symptoms, and non-specific symptoms in older patients were not deemed indicative of UTI. The reference standard distinguishes between UTI with and without systemic involvement, abandoning the term complicated UTI. Moreover, different levels of pyuria were incorporated in the reference standard, encouraging quantification of pyuria in studies done in all health-care settings. The traditional bacteriuria threshold (105 colony-forming units per mL) was lowered to 104 colony-forming units per mL. This new reference standard can be used for UTI research across many patient populations and has the potential to increase homogeneity between studies.

IntroductionSevere limb ischaemia (SLI) is the end stage of peripheral arterial occlusive disease where the viability of the limb is threatened. Around 25% of patients with SLI will ultimately require a major lower limb amputation, which has a substantial adverse impact on quality of life. A newly established rapid-access vascular limb salvage clinic and modern revascularisation techniques may reduce amputation rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the 12-month amputation rate in a contemporary cohort of patients and compare this to a historical cohort. Secondary aims are to investigate the use of frailty and cognitive assessments, and cardiac MRI in risk-stratifying patients with SLI undergoing intervention and establish a biobank for future biomarker analyses.Methods and analysisThis single-centre prospective cohort study will recruit patients aged 18–110 years presenting with SLI. Those undergoing intervention will be eligible to undergo additional venepuncture (for biomarker analysis) and/or cardiac MRI. Those aged ≥65 years and undergoing intervention will also be eligible to undergo additional frailty and cognitive assessments. Follow-up will be at 12 and 24 months and subsequently via data linkage with NHS Digital to 10 years postrecruitment. Those undergoing cardiac MRI and/or frailty assessments will receive additional follow-up during the first 12 months to investigate for perioperative myocardial infarction and frailty-related outcomes, respectively. A sample size of 420 patients will be required to detect a 10% reduction in amputation rate in comparison to a similar sized historical cohort, with 90% power and 5% type I error rate. Statistical analysis of this comparison will be by adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression analyses.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been granted by the UK National Research Ethics Service (19/LO/0132). Results will be disseminated to participants via scientific meetings, peer-reviewed medical journals and social media.Trial registration number NCT04027244.

Abstract Defining urinary tract infection (UTI) is complex, as numerous clinical and diagnostic parameters are involved. In this systematic review, we aimed to gain insight into how UTI is defined across current studies. We included 47 studies, published between January 2019 and May 2022, investigating therapeutic or prophylactic interventions in adult patients with UTI. Signs and symptoms, pyuria, and a positive urine culture were required in 85%, 28%, and 55% of study definitions, respectively. Five studies (11%) required all 3 categories for the diagnosis of UTI. Thresholds for significant bacteriuria varied from 103 to 105 colony-forming units/mL. None of the 12 studies including acute cystitis and 2 of 12 (17%) defining acute pyelonephritis used identical definitions. Complicated UTI was defined by both host factors and systemic involvement in 9 of 14 (64%) studies. In conclusion, UTI definitions are heterogeneous across recent studies, highlighting the need for a consensus-based, research reference standard for UTI. Urinary tract infection definitions used in current research studies are highly heterogeneous in terms of clinical signs and diagnostic tests. Few studies meet symptom, pyuria, and urine culture criteria mentioned in existing research guidelines.

Constipation and fecal impaction are common issues with the potential for significant morbidity in older people presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). While many of these patients present with classical symptoms of constipation or fecal impaction, atypical presentations are also frequent. These atypical presentations may include paradoxical diarrhea, fecal incontinence, urinary retention or overflow incontinence, hyperactive or hypoactive delirium, anorexia/dysphagia, and syncope. In addition, various clinical conditions (such as dementia, Parkinson’s disease, dehydration, and hypothyroidism) and medications (such as opiate analgesics, anticholinergics, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, anti-parkinsonian drugs, and oral iron supplements) are associated with constipation and should be considered during the diagnostic process in the ED. This narrative review specifically focuses on the prevalence, presentation, diagnoses, and management of constipation in older ED patients.

Key summary points Aim In this study, the interrater reliability of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) ratings comparing assessments by both experienced and unexperienced staff (ED clinicians and a study team (ST) using a smartphone application to support CFS scoring) was evaluated. The feasibility of the CFS assignment at ED triage, defined as a majority of patients aged 65 or older assigned a CFS level at triage, was also investigated. Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1349 consecutive ED patients aged 65 years and older, the interrater reliability for CFS ratings was good for three different dyads assessed, whether used as an ordinal scale or as frailty categories (CFS 1–4 = non-frail to vulnerable; CFS 5–6 = mild to moderate frailty; CFS 7–9 = severe frailty to terminally ill). More than two-thirds (70.2%) of patients had a CFS rating assigned at triage. Message The CFS is a reliable scale for use in the ED and the implementation of frailty assessment could be facilitated with an algorithm-assisted assessment. Purpose The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) allows health care providers to quickly stratify older patients, to support clinical decision-making. However, few studies have evaluated the CFS interrater reliability (IRR) in Emergency Departments (EDs), and the freely available smartphone application for CFS assessment was never tested for reliability. This study aimed to evaluate the interrater reliability of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) ratings between experienced and unexperienced staff (ED clinicians and a study team (ST) of medical students supported by a smartphone application to assess the CFS), and to determine the feasibility of CFS assignment in patients aged 65 or older at triage. Methods Cross-sectional study using consecutive sampling of ED patients aged 65 or older. We compared assessments by ED clinicians (Triage Clinicians (TC) and geriatric ED trained nurses (geriED-TN)) and a study team (ST) of medical students using a smartphone application for CFS scoring. The study is registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05400707). Results We included 1349 patients aged 65 and older. Quadratic-weighted kappa values for ordinal CFS levels showed a good IRR between TC and ST (ϰ = 0.73, 95% CI 0.69–0.76), similarly to that between TC and geriED-TN (ϰ = 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.82) and between the ST and geriED-TN (ϰ = 0.74, 95% CI 0.63–0.81). A CFS rating was assigned to 972 (70.2%) patients at triage. Conclusion We found good IRR in the assessment of frailty with the CFS in different ED providers and a team using a smartphone application to support rating. A CFS assessment occurred in more than two-thirds (70.2%) of patients at triage.