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Utilizing geochemical analysis, this study identifies the sources of European brass used in the casting of the renowned Benin Bronzes, produced by the Edo people of Nigeria. It is commonly believed that distinctive brass rings known as “manillas”, used as currency in the European trade in West Africa, also served as a metal source for the making of the Bronzes. However, prior to the current study, no research had conclusively connected the Benin artworks and the European manillas. For this research, manillas from shipwrecks in African, American and European waters dating between the 16th and 19th Century were analysed using ICP-MS analysis. Comparing trace elements and lead isotope ratios of manillas and Benin Bronzes identifies Germany as the principal source of the manillas used in the West African trade between the 15 th and 18 th centuries before British industries took over the brass trade in the late 18 th century.

Throughout the book of Nahum, the prophet taunts an unnamed female adversary. Clues in the text identify this woman as personified Nineveh, but ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations. In this article, I propose that the description of the woman in Nah 3:4 matches Queen Naqia. Biblical scholarship has not yet considered this link, probably because of her age when Nahum wrote. Nahum 3:4, however, mirrors a biblical depiction of Jezebel. When the verse is reconsidered in light of Jezebel, Naqia becomes a strong candidate for Nahum's female enemy.

Drawing on a qualitative review of historical artifacts, the author explores the birth and rise of the American Association of College News Bureaus and its successive organizations. The author performs a historical study, interlacing an interpretive biographical lens and rhetorical theory. The study seeks to determine what formative events and narratives shaped the Association’s progression from 1915 until 1950 and to what extent, if any, the Association and its successor organizations established a new rhetorical arena in America’s higher education landscape. The expansive horizontal network launched by the group better served colleges and universities with more robust dialogue and public relations vision. The pioneering work of Association leaders through the decades spawned the influential College Sports Information Directors of America, or CoSIDA, and later helped to launch CASE, the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education, which remains an integral part of contemporary higher education both in the United States and internationally.

This dissertation focuses on the first maritime archaeology research project conducted in Ghana, specifically off the town of Elmina in the Central Region. Survey and diver investigations resulted in the discovery of a mid-seventeenth century shipwreck, which archaeological and archival research suggests may be the Dutch West India Company vessel Groeningen that sank after arriving to Elmina on a trading voyage in 1647. The site lies approximately 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) southeast of Elmina and is characterized by a mass of trade goods, including brass and pewter basins, brass manillas, lead rolls, trade beads, pins, cowrie shells, as well as large iron cannons. I utilize a multi-scalar approach in this research, which allows me to take the shipwreck as the basic unit of analysis (an event or événement as Braudel would place it in his three scales of history), and situate it within the broader sphere of the Atlantic World. This geographical and chronological construction, encompassing Africa, Europe and the Americas and spanning the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, can be considered an example of the longue dureé as defined by the Annales school, a level of analysis involved with long term structures and world views. In utilizing these multi-scalar constructs, the Elmina Wreck serves as an example of the maritime element within the interconnections of the Atlantic World. Artifacts from the wreck site provide insights into the commodities involved in exchange between Africans and Europeans on the coast, and speak to the culture contact and flow of commodities across different cultural contexts.

Normal0falsefalsefalseEN-USX-NONEX-NONEMicrosoftInternetExplorer4 As a source of colonial wealth and a crucible for global culture, Jamaica has had a profound impact on the formation of the modern world system. From the island's economic and military importance to the colonial empires it has hosted and the multitude of ways in which diverse people from varied parts of the world have coexisted in and reacted against systems of inequality, Jamaica has long been a major focus of archaeological studies of the colonial period. This volume assembles for the first time the results of nearly three decades of historical archaeology in Jamaica. Scholars present research on maritime and terrestrial archaeological sites, addressing issues such as: the early Spanish period at Seville la Nueva; the development of the first major British settlement at Port Royal; the complexities of the sugar and coffee plantation system, and the conditions prior to, and following, the abolition of slavery in Jamaica. The everyday life of African Jamaican people is examined by focusing on the development of Jamaica's internal marketing system, consumer behavior among enslaved people, iron-working and ceramic-making traditions, and the development of a sovereign Maroon society at Nanny Town. Out of Many, One People paints a complex and fascinating picture of life in colonial Jamaica, and demonstrates how archaeology has contributed to heritage preservation on the island.

Drugs that allosterically target the human calcium-sensing receptor （CaSR） have substantial therapeutic potential, but are currently limited. Given the absence of high-resolution structures of the CaSR, we combined mutagenesis with a novel analytical approach and molecular modeling to develop an ＂enriched＂ picture of structure-function requirements for interaction between CaZ＋o and allosteric modulators within the CaSR＇s 7 transmembrane （7TM） domain. An extended cavity that accommodates multiple binding sites for structurally diverse ligands was identified. Phenylalkylamines bind to a site that overlaps with a putative Ca2＋o-binding site and extends towards an extracellu- lar vestibule. In contrast, the structurally and pharmacologically distinct AC-265347 binds deeper within the 7TM domains. Furthermore, distinct amino acid networks were found to mediate cooperativity by different modulators. These findings may facilitate the rational design of aliosteric modulators with distinct and potentially pathway-biased pharmacological effects.

The crucial role of shipping in maritime economies cannot be overstated, particularly in the case of island nations like Jamaica. If the birth of the modern era began, as many scholars maintain, with the maritime expansion of Europe into other world areas, then maritime economic connections clearly present a critical element of study (Braudel 1984). Jamaica serves as an appropriate venue for such a maritime study for several reasons. The island became known to Europeans during Christopher Columbus’s second and fourth voyages and thus played a role in the first and most dramatic example of Europeans expanding the “geographic size

Few home improvement projects can beat a deck for providing additional living space at a reasonable cost. You get an attractive platform for reading, relaxing, entertaining or sipping your morning coffee and listening to birds. Design a deck for the way you live. Your idea of how to use this new space should govern its size and shape. Don't build an aircraft carrier size deck when what you really have in mind is a secluded corner for just the two of you. On the other hand, don't underbuild when you want space for company. Tame a problem site. The size and shape of your lot will control your deck design to some degree. The more radical the slope of your lot, the more difficult the deck construction. The beauty of a deck, however, is that it floats a flat surface above an irregular one. For complex constructions, you'll probably need design assistance.

Each year, we conduct the Innovations in Housing design contest for the best single-family house in America. To measure up, the plan must be exciting architecturally and incorporate innovative construction systems and technologies. Our promise: to build and photograph the winner for you.