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"Cook, Lisa"
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Drawing pets and farm animals
Provides step-by-step instructions for drawing fourteen pets and farm animals, including a dog, rabbit, pig, cow, and turtle.
Book
Discrimination in lending? Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program
We assess the role of race in loans made through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP program, created by the U.S. government as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, provides loans to small businesses so they can keep employees on their payroll. We argue that the historical record and PPP program design choices made it likely that many Black-owned businesses received smaller PPP loans than White-owned businesses. Using newly released data on the PPP program, we find that Black-owned businesses received loans that were approximately 50% lower than observationally similar White-owned businesses. The effect is marginally smaller in areas with more bank competition and disappeared over time as changes to the PPP program were implemented allowing for entry by fintechs and other nontraditional lenders.
We find that Black-owned businesses received loans through the Paycheck Protection Program that were approximately 50 percent lower than White-owned businesses with similar characteristics. However, this difference in loan size shrank over time as more non-bank lenders such as fintechs were allowed to participate in the program and began approving PPP loans. Loan size differences were also slightly smaller in zip codes containing a larger number of bank branches. These results are consistent with prior research which shows lending discrimination by commercial banks against Black borrowers. It is also consistent with studies showing that greater access to and competition among banks and other lenders can reduce discrimination. In light of these results we recommend that policy makers account for existing racial inequalities within banking or other systems in their program design to produce more equitable outcomes.
Journal Article
Drawing sports figures
Provides step-by-step instructions for drawing fourteen sports figures, including a gymnast, windsurfer, baseball player, and boxer.
Book
Lessons for Expanding the Share of Disadvantaged Students in Economics from the AEA Summer Program at Michigan State University
Since 1974, the American Economic Association Summer Training Program has provided training and mentoring to students from disadvantaged backgrounds in economics. The aim of the program is to encourage and prepare these students to apply to PhD programs in economics and ultimately to increase diversity in the profession. The program has been hosted by different universities over the years. This paper provides insights and lessons learned from the program's tenure at Michigan State University from 2016 to 2020. In addition to discussing the structure and outcomes of the program, we provide advice to students, faculty, and potential hosts who may be interested in the AEA Summer Program or similar programs.
Journal Article
Drawing wild animals
Provides step-by-step instructions for drawing fourteen wild animals, including a camel, dolphin, gorilla, and elephant.
Book
Violence and economic activity: evidence from African American patents, 1870-1940
Recent studies have examined the effect of political conflict and domestic terrorism on economic and political outcomes. This paper uses the rise in mass violence between 1870 and 1940 as an historical experiment for determining the impact of ethnic and political violence on economic activity, namely patenting. I find that violent acts account for more than 1,100 missing patents compared to 726 actual patents among African American inventors over this period. Valuable patents decline in response to major riots and segregation laws. Absence of the rule of law covaries with declines in patent productivity for white and black inventors, but this decline is significant only for African American inventors. Patenting responds positively to declines in violence. These findings imply that ethnic and political conflict may affect the level, direction, and quality of invention and economic growth over time.
Journal Article
The prognostic effects of somatic mutations in ER-positive breast cancer
Here we report targeted sequencing of 83 genes using DNA from primary breast cancer samples from 625 postmenopausal (UBC-TAM series) and 328 premenopausal (MA12 trial) hormone receptor-positive (HR+) patients to determine interactions between somatic mutation and prognosis. Independent validation of prognostic interactions was achieved using data from the METABRIC study. Previously established associations between MAP3K1 and PIK3CA mutations with luminal A status/favorable prognosis and TP53 mutations with Luminal B/non-luminal tumors/poor prognosis were observed, validating the methodological approach. In UBC-TAM,
NF1
frame-shift nonsense
(FS/NS)
mutations were also a poor outcome driver that was validated in METABRIC. For MA12, poor outcome associated with PIK3R1 mutation was also reproducible. DDR1 mutations were strongly associated with poor prognosis in UBC-TAM despite stringent false discovery correction (
q
= 0.0003). In conclusion, uncommon recurrent somatic mutations should be further explored to create a more complete explanation of the highly variable outcomes that typifies ER+ breast cancer.
Unravelling the link between somatic mutation and prognosis in estrogen positive (ER+) breast cancer requires the use of long-term follow-up data. Here, combining archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue and targeted sequencing in three cohorts of ER+ breast cancer, the authors find associations with clinical outcome for NF1 frame-shift nonsense mutations, PIK3R1 mutation, and DDR1 mutations.
Journal Article
DNMT3A Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Whole-genome sequence analysis of cells from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) revealed a mutation in DNMT3A, which encodes an enzyme that methylates DNA. Subsequent analyses showed that DNMT3A was mutated in 33.7% of patients with AML with an intermediate-risk cytogenetic profile.
Whole-genome sequencing is an unbiased approach for discovering somatic variations in cancer genomes. We recently reported the DNA sequence and analysis of the genomes of two patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a normal karyotype.
1
,
2
We did not find new recurring mutations in the first study but did observe a recurrent mutation in
IDH1,
encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, in the second study.
2
Subsequent work has confirmed and extended this finding, showing that mutations in
IDH1
and related gene
IDH2
are highly recurrent in patients with an intermediate-risk cytogenetic profile (20 to 30% frequency) and are associated with a . . .
Journal Article